Browsing by Author "Rand, Austin Loomer, 1905-"
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Item Altitudinal variation in New Guinea birds. American Museum novitates ; no. 890(New York City : The American Museum of Natural History, 1936) Rand, Austin Loomer, 1905-; Archbold Expedition to New Guinea (1933-1934); Whitney South Sea Expedition of the American Museum of Natural History (1920-1941)"Altitudinal variation within a species is a common phenomenon in the mountains of southeast New Guinea. It occurs both in species inhabiting areas of grassland isolated at different altitudes by forest belts and in birds inhabiting the forest which is continuous from one altitude to another. In nine cases these differences are great enough to use in recognizing races; in nineteen cases these differences are not great enough or there is too great an area of intergradation or overlap to characterize races. In forty-one species in which I have enough material to arrive at a conclusion, there is no altitudinal variation. Increase in size, correlated with increased altitude and consequently lowered temperatures, is the most common type of variation (in eight races and fifteen cases of smaller variation); there was only one race which showed no size variation and one case in which the higher altitudinal population was smaller. Variation of pigmentation was found in seven races and in only three cases within subspecies. Increased pigmentation is usually associated with increased humidity so that only the Subtropical Zone forms would be expected to be darker. This is true in Sericornis nouhuysi, with a paler Upper Temperate Zone race, but is not the case with Ptiloprora guisei, though here other factors may come in. With the other races there does not seem to be a definite general tendency toward lightness or darkness with increase in altitude. Possibly when the climatic conditions in the mountains of southeast New Guinea are known this may help to explain the variation in pigmentation. Though I have few examples, the forest species which have evolved very distinct races at different levels in the continuous forest show a sudden change from one form to the other, as though the cumulative effect of the environment reached a threshold level, beyond which the change was sudden. The grassland races are isolated, so this criterion cannot be applied to them. The one species in which the races are slightly differentiated (Collocalia esculenta) shows a gradual change with increased altitude. In the forms with variations insufficient to recognize as races there is a gradual variation with altitude. The exact levels to which the grassland races are restricted in part may be due only indirectly to climate acting on the vegetation. Temperature appears to be the single factor which changes most constantly in reference to altitude, and however the result is produced the larger size of the higher altitudinal populations appears correlated with the lower temperatures. This appears to be true only for minor variations, the most extreme of which form well-marked races. Variation does not appear to be restricted to any one vertical level but may appear within almost any range of altitude, though in the present work it was not perceptible in less than 800 meters of altitude"--P. 13-14.Item The birds of the 1933-1934 Papuan Expedition. Bulletin of the AMNH ; v. 73, article 1(New York : The American Museum of Natural History, 1937) Mayr, Ernst, 1904-; Rand, Austin Loomer, 1905-; Archbold Expedition to New Guinea (1933-1934); Whitney South Sea Expedition of the American Museum of Natural History (1920-1941)Item Birds of the 1936-1937 New Guinea Expedition. Bulletin of the AMNH ; v. 79, article 4(New York : The American Museum of Natural History, 1942) Rand, Austin Loomer, 1905-; Archbold Expedition to New Guinea 1936-1937)Item Birds of the 1938-1939 New Guinea Expedition. Bulletin of the AMNH ; v. 79, article 7.(New York : The American Museum of Natural History, 1942) Rand, Austin Loomer, 1905-; Archbold Expedition to New Guinea 1938-1939)Item Breeding habits of the birds of paradise : Macgregoria and Diphyllodes. American Museum novitates ; no. 1073(New York City : The American Museum of Natural History, 1940) Rand, Austin Loomer, 1905-; Archbold Expedition to New Guinea 1938-1939); Indisch-Amerikaansche Expeditie (1938-1939)Item Development and enemy recognition of the curve-billed thrasher Toxostoma curvirostre. Bulletin of the AMNH ; v. 78, article 2.(New York : The American Museum of Natural History, 1941) Rand, Austin Loomer, 1905-"Thrashers were studied in the wild and in captivity from hatching until about 90 to 96 days old. The physical development, and that of behavior, which appears typically passerine, are recorded. Experiments on enemy recognition were carried out. Such fundamental acts as self feeding and some responses to predators were not exhibited even on leaving the nest; after appearing, both these types of behavior were modified by experience. Enemies were not recognized as such; the thrashers responded to some non-enemies as to their enemies. These responses usually combined exploratory acts and fleeing acts, sometimes a display and once pugnacious activities. Which type was dominant, with the exception of the snake display, appeared to depend not only on the size of the object, its familiarity or otherwise, but also greatly on its activity in relation to the thrashers. Thrashers probably had to learn what not to fear. the snake display appeared to be a more stereotyped pattern of behavior than other responses to enemies. While large snakes elicited this response in maximum intensity, many other objects called it forth in less than maximum intensity. The snake display appeared to be elicited by a pattern of stimuli, and a wide variation in this weakened, without completely destroying it. The feeding response and exploratory pecking were also rather stereotyped in execution; but the stimulus objects which elicited them were very diversified. There was a tendency to actually swallow things within certain limits of size, taste and perhaps texture, but the tendency to peck and seize a wide variety of objects insured that when food objects were available, even though strange, they would be tried. The thrashers' responses to objects appeared to be the result of general tendencies to respond to a wide variety of stimuli. While many of the thrashers' activities had an innate basis, the stimulus conditions in which they were given were generalized. This provided the raw material with which experience worked to fit the thrashers' generalized behavior to its particular environment"--P. 242.Item The distribution and habits of Madagascar birds : summary of the field notes of the Mission Zoologique Franco-Anglo-Américaine à Madagascar. Bulletin of the AMNH ; v. 72, article 5.(New York : The American Museum of Natural History, 1936) Rand, Austin Loomer, 1905-; Mission Zoologique Franco-Anglo-Américaine à Madagascar (1929-1931)Item The Madagascar hammerkop described as new. American Museum novitates ; no. 827(New York City : The American Museum of Natural History, 1936) Rand, Austin Loomer, 1905-; Delacour, Jean, 1890-; Mission Zoologique Franco-Anglo-Américaine à Madagascar (1929-1931)Item Mammal notes from Highland[s] County, Florida. Bulletin of the AMNH ; v. 80, article 1(New York : The American Museum of Natural History, 1942) Rand, Austin Loomer, 1905-; Hst, Per, 1907-; Shackelford, Garvin.; Archbold Biological Station.Item Meliphaga analoga and its allies. American Museum novitates ; no. 872(New York City : The American Museum of Natural History, 1936) Rand, Austin Loomer, 1905-; Whitney South Sea Expedition of the American Museum of Natural History (1920-1941); Archbold Expedition to New Guinea (1933-1934)Item New and interesting birds from New Guinea. American Museum novitates ; no. 1102(New York City : The American Museum of Natural History, 1941) Rand, Austin Loomer, 1905-; Archbold, Richard.; Richardson, William B.; Tate, G. H. H. (George Henry Hamilton), 1894-1953.; Archbold Expedition to New Guinea 1936-1937); Archbold Expedition to New Guinea 1938-1939)Item New birds from the 1938-1939 expedition. American Museum novitates ; no. 1072(New York City : The American Museum of Natural History, 1940) Rand, Austin Loomer, 1905-; Archbold, Richard.; Richardson, William B.; Archbold Expedition to New Guinea 1938-1939); Indisch-Amerikaansche Expeditie (1938-1939)Item A new fish of the genus Bostrychus from New Guinea. American Museum novitates ; no. 922(New York City : The American Museum of Natural History, 1937) Nichols, John T. (John Treadwell), 1883-1958.; Archbold, Richard.; Rand, Austin Loomer, 1905-; Tate, G. H. H. (George Henry Hamilton), 1894-1953.; Archbold Expedition to New Guinea 1936-1937)Item A new Galidia (Viverridae) from Madagascar. American Museum novitates ; no. 1112(New York City : The American Museum of Natural History, 1941) Tate, G. H. H. (George Henry Hamilton), 1894-1953.; Rand, Austin Loomer, 1905-; Du Mont, Philip A.; Mission Zoologique Franco-Anglo-Américaine à Madagascar (1929-1931)Item A new Lemur from Madagascar. American Museum novitates ; no. 518(New York City : The American Museum of Natural History, 1932) Archbold, Richard.; Rand, Austin Loomer, 1905-; Du Mont, Philip A.; Mission Zoologique Franco-Anglo-Américaine à Madagascar (1929-1931)Item A new race of quail from New Guinea : with notes on the origin of the grassland avifauna. American Museum novitates ; no. 1122(New York City : The American Museum of Natural History, 1941) Rand, Austin Loomer, 1905-; Archbold, Richard.; Richardson, William B.; Archbold Expedition to New Guinea 1938-1939)Item On some New Guinea birds. American Museum novitates ; no. 992(New York City : The American Museum of Natural History, 1938) Rand, Austin Loomer, 1905-; Archbold Expedition to New Guinea 1936-1937)Item On some non-passerine New Guinea birds. American Museum novitates ; no. 990(New York City : The American Museum of Natural History, 1938) Rand, Austin Loomer, 1905-; Archbold Expedition to New Guinea 1936-1937)Item On some passerine New Guinea birds. American Museum novitates ; no. 991(New York City : The American Museum of Natural History, 1938) Rand, Austin Loomer, 1905-; Archbold Expedition to New Guinea 1936-1937)Item On the breeding habits of some birds of paradise in the wild. American Museum novitates ; no. 993(New York City : The American Museum of Natural History, 1938) Rand, Austin Loomer, 1905-; Archbold Expedition to New Guinea 1936-1937)