AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES

Number 3785: 72 pp. October 23, 2013

Copyright © American Museum of Natural History 2013

ISSN 0003-0082

A Revised Classification of the Phylinae (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae): Arguments for the Placement of Genera

Randall T. Schuh[1] and Katrina L. Menard[2]

Abstract

As a companion to the tribal-level phylogenetic analysis of Phylinae by Menard, Schuh, and Woolley (2013), a comprehensive generic classification of the subfamily is presented. Names used in the work of Menard et al. (2013) at the tribal/subtribal levels are documented in accordance with the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (1999). The new tribal-level names Coatonocapsina, Decomiini, Exocarpocorini, Keltoniina, and Tuxedoina are introduced; the long unused or seldom-used tribal-level names Cremnorrhini Reuter, 1883, Exaeretina Puton, 1975, Nasocorini Reuter, 1883, Oncotylina Douglas and Scott, 1865, and Semiini Knight, 1923, are used and rediagnosed; Phylini Douglas and Scott, 1865, is given a more narrow conception than in previous classifications and the subtribe Phylina is recognized; Pilophorini Douglas and Scott, 1865, is conceived more broadly to include Lasiolabops Poppius and Dilatops Weirauch; Auricillocorini Schuh, 1984, is treated as a junior synonym of Hallodapini Van Duzee; and Pronotocrepini Knight, 1929, is treated as a junior synonym of Cremnorrhina, Reuter, 1883. Comments are made on some of the genera included in the analyses of Menard et al. (2013) and arguments are presented for the placement of all remaining genera of Phylinae, some of which are placed as incertae sedis—particularly within Phylina—because of insufficient evidence to place them with confidence in any currently recognized tribe/subtribe. Lapazphylus Carvalho and Costa, 1992, is treated as a junior synonym of Nicholia Knight, 1929; Schuhistes Menard, 2010, is treated as a junior synonym of Parasciodema Poppius, 1914; Linacoris Carvalho, 1983, is transferred from the Orthotylinae to Phylinae, Hallodapini; and the status of Parapsallus Wagner, 1952, is revised.

INTRODUCTION

Menard et al. (2013) presented a phylogenetic analysis comprising representatives of 103 genera and 164 terminal taxa of Miridae: Phylinae from most major zoogeographic regions, with analyses including morphology and DNA sequence data from nuclear-ribosomal and mitochondrial genes. That work provided sufficient documentation to propose a revised tribal/subtribal classification, and as such was the first study to offer empirical support for dismantling of the long recognized—but clearly paraphyletic—Phylini. Nontheless, the work of Menard et al. (2013) left many genera unplaced because the taxonomic sample was far from exhaustive. In this paper we (1) provide arguments for the placement of the genera not included in the taxon sample of Menard et al. (2013), (2) further discuss the monophyly of the tribes and subtribes recognized by them, (3) validate new tribal/subtribal names and document the reintroduction of long-unused names, (4) correct some long-standing errors of taxonomic placement, and (5) introduce new synonymy at the tribal and generic levels. Many of our arguments are based on published phylogenetic analyses involving genera in addition to those sampled by Menard et al. (2013), but at a more restricted level, as these are the best available sources of information from which to deduce relationships. We have also relied on extensive comments from colleagues to inform our decision making. Ultimately, many of our placements will benefit from the acquisition of sequence data for taxa in addition to those sampled by Menard et al. (2013), because it seems clear that we have not been able to observe sufficient morphological variation in the Phylinae to allow for the well-justified placement of many genera at the current time.

The present work is a companion to Menard et al. (2013) and provides the formal justification of new names used by them. The following tribal-level groupings are listed in the order presented on the summary cladogram taken from Menard et al. (2013) (fig. 1).

Phylinae Douglas and Scott, 1865

Hallodapini Van Duzee, 1916

Nasocorini Reuter, 1883

Exaeretini Puton, 1875

Cremnorrhini Reuter, 1883

Cremnorrhina Reuter, 1883

Coatonocapsina, new subtribe

Phylini Douglas and Scott, 1865

Keltoniina, new subtribe

Phylina Douglas and Scott, 1865

Oncotylina Douglas and Scott, 1865

Semiini Knight, 1923

Exocarpocorina, new subtribe

Semiina Knight, 1923

Pilophorini Douglas and Scott, 1876

Leucophoropterini Schuh, 1974

Tuxedoina, new subtribe

Leucophoropterina Schuh, 1974

Higher-category synonyms are simply listed; a more detailed history of the usage of these names can be found by consulting Carvalho (1952, 1958) and Schuh (2002–2013). The list of valid generic names and other nomenclatural information under each tribe/subtribe is taken from the “On-line Systematic Catalog of Plant Bugs” (Schuh, 2002–2013). The index will facilitate locating genera in the revised classification.

Family-group names proposed by Douglas and Scott (1865), Reuter (1883 and elsewhere), and others for taxa now placed in the Phylinae were often based on autapomorphic characters. In most cases the taxa remained monotypic and eventually fell into disuse with the appearance of the Carvalho catalog (1952, 1958) in which most of them were not recognized as valid. Wagner (e.g., 1974, 1975) was one of the few modern authors to use several of the names that had long ago fallen into obscurity. Nonetheless, the diagnoses of Wagner (1974, 1975) for names such as Ectagelini and Exaeretini were once again based on autapomorphies and applied only to the Palearctic fauna. We have attempted to use older names whenever possible, if they are applicable in a broader context of morphology and geography. Genera previously placed in monotypic tribal groupings for which we can make no credible determination of close relatives, for the most part, we have placed as incertae sedis in larger tribes/subtribes to which they seem to be most closely related, with the default association being with Phylina, the traditional tribal dumping ground within the Phylinae.

The greatest numbers of genera to be assigned in the absence of DNA sequence data are from the Palearctic, with a lesser number from the limited fauna found in the Neotropics. The most modern classification of the Palearctic fauna is presented in Catalogue of the Heteroptera of the Palearctic Region (Kerzhner and Josifov, 1999), but it is simply a reflection of schemes in the primary literature and therefore by itself offers no information on relationships within the omnibus tribe Phylini. Although Wagner (1974, 1975) offered a more detailed hierarchic scheme than other authors, most aspects of that scheme were not incorporated into the work of Kerzhner and Josifov (1999). The diagnoses of all the suprageneric groupings recognized by Wagner (1974, 1975) are of limited utility in terms of identification or prediction. Furthermore, all of Wagner’s generic diagnoses lack comparative information. So, whereas the compendious nature and profuse illustration make the work of Wagner on the Miridae fauna of the Mediterranean Region an almost singular resource, the lack of comparative statements about relationships has led us to make many more interpretations than might otherwise have been the case concerning the Palearctic fauna.

Poverty of information about relationships is particularly acute for the true Neotropical fauna, and therefore many genera from the region are placed as incertae sedis with the Phylina. Whereas the long history of study suggests that the Palearctic Phylinae have diversified primarily in two lineages (Oncotylina, Phylina), no such assumptions can be made concerning the Neotropics.

The following formatting conventions are used for the presentation of generic names:

Valid genera are presented in boldface italics.

Genera included in the analysis of Menard et al. (2013) are preceded by an asterisk (*).

Genera transferred to tribes other than those in which they were placed in the classification of Schuh (2002—2013) are presented in lightface italics.

We have followed the concept of priority in the application of family-group names, in accordance with the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN, 1999). We note, however, that Hallodapini—among other names—was proposed to replace an older name based on a junior synonym. In accordance with Article 40.2 of the Code “If…a family-group name was replaced before 1961 because of the synonymy of the type genus, the substitute name is to be maintained if it is in prevailing usage.” Therefore, some older names continue to remain as junior synonyms.

Comments are provided on some generic placements, but not for all. Our arguments for placement of taxa concentrate especially on those taxa that were not present in the sample of Menard et al. (2013). Generic synonyms are listed only where necessary to clarify nomenclatural history and argumentation; complete synonymies can be found by consulting Schuh (2002–2013), as can references to species mentioned in the text without bibliographic documentation. New tribal and generic synonymies are clearly indicated as such.

Diagnoses are provided for the tribes and subtribes. They attempt to summarize those characteristics that we have used to place genera within groups. We include some of the attributes listed as synapomorphic in the analyses of Menard et al. (2013), but note that many of those are highly homoplastic and often do not allow for the unique recognition of groups. For example, the pronotal collar, which in the scheme of Carvalho (1952) was diagnostic for the Hallodapini, has now been shown to occur in more than one monophyletic lineage of Phylinae (Hallodapini, Cremnorrhina, Semiina). Furthermore, some groupings derived from the work of Menard et al. (2013) have no apparent morphological synapomorphies, homoplastic or otherwise, forcing the conclusion that most of the grouping information comes from the sequence data. We offer explanatory comments in the Discussion sections for each tribe and subtribe to allow the reader to better understand the history and rationale for the group.

For each genus we give an indication of its distribution and the number of currently included species. Distributional information is organized around the concept of biogeographic regions, an approach that usually simplifies the presentation, but also can benefit from some explanation. In many cases we have provided a modifier such as “Southwest Nearctic,” “Palearctic: Central Asia,” or “Ethiopian: Southern Africa.” We also note that the fauna of Africa is doubtless a composite, so that assigning taxa described by Linnavuori (1975) from the Sudan to either the Palearctic or Ethiopian regions is not a clear-cut decision. The same reasoning applies to South America, which we refer to as belonging to the Neotropics, with the realization that the fauna of Chile and parts of Argentina have their primary biogeographic associations with New Zealand and Australia.

Fig. 1. Cladogram of relationships of Phylinae from Menard et al. (2013), which forms the framework for the classification presented in this paper.

CLASSIFICATION

Phylinae Douglas and Scott, 1865

Type genus: Phylus Hahn, 1831

Tribe HALLODAPINI, Van Duzee, 1916 (type genus: Hallodapus Fieber, 1858)

Eroticoridae Douglas and Scott, 1865

Cremnocephalaria Reuter, 1909

Systellonotaria Reuter, 1912

Aeolocorini Wagner, 1970

Auricillocorini Schuh, 1984, new synonymy

Diagnosis: This grouping is united by the presence of a flattened pronotal collar in most included taxa. This character is present in other groups of Miridae (e.g., Orthotylinae: Nichomachini) and a few other Phylinae genera (Coquillettia Uhler, Orectoderus Uhler, Teleorhinus Uhler), but the shape of the collar, along with the predominantly slender, twisting shape of the endosoma and the projecting frons and clypeus are usually diagnostic for many members of this tribe.

Discussion: The composition of this taxon has been relatively stable since the classification of Carvalho (1952, 1958), and as emended by Wagner (1974) and Schuh (1974, 1984). According to Menard et al. (2013), the recognition of the Auricillocorini by Schuh (1984) rendered Hallodapini paraphyletic on the basis of autapomorphic characters. Furthermore, the longstanding recognition of the flattened pronotal collar as a diagnostic feature of Hallodapini argues additionally for the inclusion of the South African genus Eminoculus Schuh. Schuh (1974: 160) noted “Eminoculus is the only known member of the Phylini with a well-developed flat pronotal collar. This structure suggests a relationship to the Hallodapini, but other characters, including the form of the male genitalia and the structure of the pulvilli, do not support such a relationship.” The analysis of Menard et al. (2013) indicates that Eminoculus is the sister group of the remaining Hallodapini, and we therefore place it within the tribe. We have treated Auricillocorini as a junior synonym of Hallodapini, in accordance with the results of Menard et al. (2013), even though this group as diagnosed by Schuh (1984) possesses distinctive features of the scent-gland auricle that suggest it is monophyletic. Neither do we recognize as subtribes other previously named groupings because the taxon sample analyzed by Menard et al. (2013) for the Hallodapini is too limited to argue for the placement of all recognized genera in monophyletic groupings, and the remaining taxa placed in Hallodapina would certainly form a paraphyletic group. Although Wagner (e.g., 1974) recognized the Aeolocorini and Cremnocephalini, his diagnoses and taxon sample were restricted to the Mediterranean fauna. The position of many genera, possibly most particularly morphologically novel groups such as Clapmarius Distant, is unclear and will require an analysis based on a more robust taxon sample. The Nearctic genera Coquillettia, Orectoderus, and Teleorhinus were placed in the Hallodapini by Carvalho (1952, 1958), but are now placed in the Cremnorrhini.

Novel in this classification is the placement of Ifephylus Linnavuori and Linacoris Carvalho in the Hallodapini, because both taxa lack the flattened pronotal collar otherwise almost universally present in the group. Additional details are discussed under the treatments of each of these genera. Also novel is the placement in Hallodapini of an apparently undescribed taxon from Bolivia in the work of Menard et al. (2013) on the basis of sequence data, because the Hallodapini—excepting Cyrtopeltocoris Reuter—have been considered exclusively Old World (but see discussion under Tibiopilus Carvalho and Costa and Mendozaphylus Carvalho and Carpintero).

Acrorrhinium Noualhier, 1895 (Ethiopian, Indo-Pacific; 33 spp.)

Aeolocoris Reuter, 1903 (Ethiopian, North Africa; 6 spp.)

*Alloeomimus Reuter, 1910 (Paleotropical; 6 spp.)

Artchawakomius Yasunaga, 2012 (Oriental; 2 spp.)

Aspidacanthus Reuter, 1901 (Ethiopian/Southern Palearctic; 5 spp.)

Auricillocoris Schuh, 1984 (Oriental; 3 spp.)

Azizus Distant, 1910 (Indo-Pacific; 2 spp.)

Bibundiella Poppius, 1914 (Ethiopian; 4 spp.)

Boopidella Reuter, 1907 (Ethiopian: Pemba Island; 1 sp.)

Carinogulus Schuh, 1974 (Ethiopian: South Africa; 4 spp.)

Chaetocapsus Poppius, 1914 (Ethiopian: West Africa; 1 sp.)

Clapmarius Distant, 1904 (Oriental; 4 spp.)

*Cleotomiris Schuh, 1984 (Oriental; 6 spp.)

*Cleotomiroides Schuh, 1984 (Oriental; 3 spp.)

*Cremnocephalus Fieber, 1860 (Western Palearctic; 5 spp.)

Schuh et al. (2009) included Cremnocephalus albolineatus Reuter in their analysis of cimicomorphan relationships based on morphology and DNA sequence data. The taxon was placed in the Orthotylinae. Menard et al. (2013) resequenced this taxon using specimens from the same collecting event, and found that Cremnocephalus in unequivocally a member of the Hallodapini. The placement of Cremnocephalus in the Orthotylinae was the apparent result of confusion or contamination during the DNA sequencing done for the work of Schuh et al. (2009).

*Cyrtopeltocoris Reuter, 1876 (Nearctic; 11 spp.)

Our data, including DNA sequences, corroborate the theory that Cyrtopeltocoris is a member of the true Hallodapini. Along with Phoradendrepulus Polhemus and Polhemus, the two appear to represent a monophyletic group and the only lineage in the tribe that occurs in the Nearctic.

Diocoris Kirkaldy, 1902 (Ethiopian; 6 spp.)

*Eminoculus Schuh, 1974 (Ethiopian: Namaqualand; 7 spp.)

This taxon was placed in the Phylini by Schuh (1974) and Schuh and Wu (2009). Our analyses suggest unequivocally that Eminoculus belongs to the Hallodapini, a placement that is indicated by the presence of the pronotal collar, an attribute observed by Schuh (1974) on the basis of the two species known at that time. The work of Schuh and Wu (2009) included one species, Eminoculus atrisetosus Schuh and Wu, that does not have a flattened collar, but that on the basis of other morphological attributes and host associations groups with the six other known Eminoculus spp.

Formicopsella Poppius, 1914 (Ethiopian; 3 spp.)

Gampsodema Odhiambo, 1960 (Ethiopian: East Africa; 1 sp.)

Glaphyrocoris Reuter, 1903 (Southern Palearctic/Ethiopian; 23 spp.)

Hadrodapus Linnavuori, 1996 (Ethiopian: West Africa; 1 sp.)

Hallodapomimus Herczek, 2000 (Baltic amber; 3 spp.)

*Hallodapus Fieber, 1858 (Paleotropical/Southern Palearctic; 47 spp.)

Ifephylus Linnavuori, 1993a, revised tribal placement (Ethiopian: West Africa; 3 spp.)

This West African taxon was placed in the Pilophorini by Linnavuori (1993a) at the time of its original description. He noted that the claws lacked pulvilli, the posterior wall in the female was evaginated, and the secondary gonopore was well delimited. Kerzhner and Schuh (1995) moved Ifephylus to the Phylini because of their interpretation of the structure of the male genitalia; we now place Ifephylus in the Hallodapini in light of the following observations: Our examination of many specimens of Ifephylus apis Linnavuori indicates that the parempodia are broadly expanded but are not obviously convergent apically as illustrated by Linnavuori (1993a), nor are they recurved as is the case in most taxa we place in the Pilophorini. We can confirm, as noted by Linnavuori (1993a), that the claws lack pulvilli and that the posterior wall in the female is evaginated. Whether the secondary gonopore is well delimited in the sense meant by Linnavuori is less clear, but it is certainly not of the type seen in most remaining members of the Phylinae. Ifephylus shares the above features with Linacoris, in addition to the fact that neither taxon possesses flattened lanceolate setae. We place Ifephylus in the Hallodapini because of its apparent relationships with Linacoris based on morphology and the placement of Linacoris in the Hallodapini in the analysis of Menard et al. (2013).

Kapoetius Schmitz, 1969 (Palearctic: Sudan; 1 sp.)

Laemocoris Reuter, 1879 (Ethiopian/Southern Palearctic; 17 spp.)

Lapazphylus Carvalho and Costa, 1992: see Nicholia Knight under Semiini, Semiina

Leaina Linnavuori, 1974 (Ethiopian: West Africa; 1 sp.)

This taxon from the Ivory Coast was correctly placed in the Hallodapini by Linnavuori (1974), but mistakenly put in the Phylini by Schuh (1995) and Schuh (2002–2013). We here correct that misplacement.

Leptomimus Herczek and Popov, 2010 (Baltic amber; 1 sp.)

Lestonisca Carvalho, 1988 (Ethiopian: West Africa; 1 sp.)

*Linacoris Carvalho, 1983, revised subfamily placement (Oriental; 1 sp.)

This taxon was placed in Orthotylinae by Carvalho (1983) on the basis of parempodial structure. Reexamination of the male and female genitalia indicates that it is a member of the Phylinae. It would appear that Linacoris is the sister group of Ifephylus on the basis of parempodial structure, male genitalic structure, and the absence of any scalelike setae on the body. Although Linacoris lacks the flattened pronotal collar found in nearly all other members of the Hallodapini, we place it in the Hallodapini, following the results of Menard et al. (2013) (see also discussion under Ifephylus). Additional species of this taxon from the Oriental Region remain to be described (M. Wall, personal commun.).

Lissocapsus Bergroth, 1903 (Ethiopian: Madagascar; 1 sp.)

Malgacheocoris Carvalho, 1952 (Ethiopian: Madagascar; 1 sp.)

Mimocoris J. Scott, 1872 (Southern Palearctic; 2 spp.)

Myombea China and Carvalho, 1951 (Ethiopian; 1 sp.)

Myrmicomimus Reuter, 1881 (Southern Palearctic; 1 sp.)

Neolaemocoris Wagner, 1975 (Palearctic: North Africa; 1 sp.)

Omphalonotus Reuter, 1876 (Southern Palearctic; 3 spp.)

Pangania Poppius, 1914 (Ethiopian; 3 spp.)

Paralaemocoris Linnavuori, 1964 (Southern Palearctic; 4 spp.)

Phoradendrepulus Polhemus and Polhemus, 1985 (Southwest Nearctic; 1 sp.)

See discussion under Cyrtopeltocoris.

Podullahas Schuh, 1984 (Oriental: Borneo; 2 spp.)

Pongocoris Linnavuori, 1975 (Ethiopian: East Africa; 1 sp.)

Ribautocapsus Wagner, 1962 (Palearctic: Spain, France; 1 sp.)

Ruwaba Linnavuori, 1975 (Southern Palearctic; 2 spp.)

Skukuza Schuh, 1974 (Ethiopian: East and South Africa; 3 spp.)

Sohenus Distant, 1910 (Oriental: India, Sri Lanka; 2 spp.)

Syngonus Bergroth, 1926 (Ethiopian: West Africa; 2 spp.)

Systellonotidea Poppius, 1914 (Ethiopian: West Africa; 2 spp.)

Systellonotopsis Poppius, 1914 (Ethiopian: East and South Africa; 2 spp.)

Systellonotus Fieber, 1858 (Palearctic; 21 spp.)

Trichophorella Reuter, 1905 (Ethiopian; 9 spp.)

Trichophthalmocapsus Poppius, 1914 (Ethiopian; 8 spp.)

Vitsikamiris Polhemus, 1994 (Ethiopian: Madagascar; 1 sp.)

Wygomiris Schuh, 1984 (Oriental; 7 spp.)

Zaratus Distant, 1909 (Oriental: India, Thailand; 2 sp.)

DECOMIINI, new tribe (type genus: Decomia Poppius, 1915)

Diagnosis: Taxa we include in this group are relatively small, have transparent areas on the hemelytron, may have distinctive large pulvilli (Decomia), and have distinctive oval or parallel-sided bodies. The vestiture of the dorsum comprises a single type of short, appressed, neatly organized setae.

Discussion: The type genus Decomia Poppius was originally described from Taiwan (Poppius, 1915). Subsequently China (1927) placed a single species (as Torma China) from West Africa in a distinct genus; later Knight (1935) described a single species (as Torma) from Samoa; Schuh (1984) treated all of these taxa as belonging to Decomia and described a large number of new Decomia species ranging from Malaya and the Philippines to the Solomon Islands. Schuh (1984) placed Decomia and several other genera from Southeast Asia in an omnibus Phylini. We here offer arguments for transfer of those genera to the distinct tribal-level grouping Decomiini, based largely on the DNA sequencing and analyses of Menard et al. (2013).

*Aurantiocoris Schuh and Schwartz, 2004 (Western Nearctic; 2 spp.)

Although the placement of this taxon might be uncertain on the basis of morphology alone, the analysis of Menard et al. (2013) consistently placed Aurantiocoris within the Decomiini as here delimited.

*Decomia Poppius, 1915 (Paleotropical; 37 spp.)

See also comments under Decomiini.

*Decomioides Schuh, 1984 (Oriental; 10 spp.)

This taxon was placed in the omnibus Phylini by Schuh (1984), and compared to Decomia. We here place it in the Decomiini on the basis of DNA sequence data and its similarity of appearance to Decomia. Both Decomia and Decomioides have features distinctive to themselves, such as the enlarged pulvilli and distinctive endosoma and left paramere in the former, and the distinctive “rod” in the endosoma in the latter. Nonetheless, they share a similar habitus, with the head concave behind and obscuring the anterior margin of the pronotum, the elongate ovoid body form, and the presence of a single type of setae in the vestiture of the body. The distribution of Decomioides was described by Schuh (1984) as more restricted than that of Decomia, ranging from Hong Kong through the Philippine Islands to the Solomon Islands, but it has recently been recorded from Thailand by Yasunaga (2010).

*Malaysiamiris Schuh, 1984 (Oriental; 11 spp.)

This taxon was placed in the omnibus Phylini by Schuh (1984), and compared to other taxa that we here place in the Decomiini. Although the male genitalia are distinctive to the genus, the head is concave behind and the vestiture is formed of a single type of setae and are reminiscent of the situation seen in Decomia; the analysis of Menard at al. (2013) also places the genus in the Decomiini. The distribution of Malaysiamiris is similar to that of Decomioides, but a single species is known from New Caledonia; the known distribution was recently further expanded by the description of a species from Thailand by Yasunaga (2010).

Malaysiamiroides Schuh, 1984 (Oriental: Borneo; 4 spp.)

This taxon was placed in the omnibus Phylini by Schuh (1984), and compared to other taxa that we here place in the Decomiini. Although the male genitalia are distinctive to the genus, the head is concave behind and the vestiture is formed of a single type of setae and is reminiscent of that seen in Decomia. For these reasons we are placing Malaysiamiris in the Decomiina. The known distribution is currently restricted to northern Borneo.

Rubrocuneocoris Schuh, 1984 (Oriental/Pacific; 12 spp.)

Described on the basis of three species from the Southeast Asia, this taxon now contains 12 species ranging from the Korean peninsula, Japan, and Nepal to the islands of the tropical Western Pacific. Schuh (1984) commented that Rubrocuneocoris most closely resembles Decomioides; he also noted the similarity of corial and cuneal markings in Rubrocuneocoris and Decomia, and the enlarged hind femora, an attribute shared by Decomia, Decomioides, and Rubrocuneocoris. It is because of these morphological similarities, and the distribution in the Indo-west Pacific, that we place Rubrocuneocoris in the Decomiini.

Tribe NASOCORINI Reuter, 1883 (type genus: Nasocoris Reuter, 1879)

Boopidocoraria Reuter, 1883

Chlamydatini Kirkaldy, 1902

Oligobiellini Kirkaldy, 1906

Atomomophoraria Wagner, 1974

Diagnosis: Menard et al. (2013) did not find any morphological synapomorphies for the Nasocorini among the characters coded in their analysis; however, most members of this tribe have a flat vertex, rather short and wide hind femora, row of spicules on the dorsal margin of the hind femur, gonopore sclerite, sericeous or serrated scalelike setae, sometimes dark, erect setae, and/or cushionlike pulvilli covering the entire ventral surface of the claw.

Discussion: The family-group name Nasocoraria was proposed by Reuter (1883) with a single included genus. The analyses of Menard et al. (2013) and our present attempts to place all genera of Phylinae in a unified classification suggest that both names are applicable to a monophyletic group containing Nasocoris, as well as Campylomma, Chlamydatus, Megalopsallus, Spanagonicus, and other genera. As discussed below under Nasocoris, morphology and host associations suggest a close relationship between the Nearctic Megalopsallus and Palearctic Nasocoris. We therefore apply a much broader conception of Nasocorini than that proposed by Reuter (1883) and treat Chlamydatini—among other names—as junior synonyms. Furthermore, we include many more genera than were present in the analyses of Menard et al. (2013).

Several of the genera we place in Nasocorini share novel characters that have been recognized by prior authors. For example, a row of spicules on the dorsal distal margin of the hind femur occurs in Atractotomus, Campylomma, Kasumiphylus, Pinomiris, Rhinacloa, and Salicarus and has been treated by Schuh and Schwartz (1985) and Schwartz and Stonedahl (2004) as suggesting a relationship among these genera. Some genera have flattened scalelike setae covering part or all of the body, a setal type that is seldom seen elsewhere in the Phylinae except Pilophorini, where the setae are laceolate. Many genera have a slender, delicate endosoma apparently formed of a single strap and with a single apical projection. Campylomma and some other genera, on the other hand, have two apical blades with the endosoma apparently formed of two distinct straps, but nonetheless share features in common with those taxa with a single endosomal strap. In those members with enlarged pulvilli, the pulvillus is broad, fleshy, cushionlike, and adnate to the entire ventral surface of the claw (see further comments under included genera). Although some of the above-mentioned morphological features suggest a possible subdivision of the Nasocorini into monophyletic subgroups, such as Chlamydatina and Nasocorina sensu stricto, we refrain from formal recognition of such groups at this time because of the confusing nature of variation among these characters and the limited sample of taxa for which sequence data are available.

Adenostomocoris Schuh and Schwartz, 2004 (Southwest Nearctic; 2 spp.)

We are placing this taxon in the Nasocorini because of its small size and the delicate endosoma strongly bent at the middle, with a single, short apical projection and a well-developed gonopore sclerite. The pulvilli are adnate to and cover nearly the entire ventral surface of the claw, a characteristic also seen in species of Megalopsallus, among other taxa placed in the Nasocorini by Menard et al. (2013).

Agrametra Buchanan-White, 1878 (St. Helena Island; 1 sp.)

This is one of several nominal genera described from the mid-Atlantic island of St. Helena that appear to represent a small radiation of endemic taxa with a highly split generic taxonomy, in a fauna otherwise composed of mostly widespread species. The work of Schmitz (1976) provided detailed illustrations indicating that the endosoma is tubular proximal to the secondary gonopore and that the apex is elongate and filamentous in Agrametra, Helenocoris, Hirtopsallus, Naresthus, Neisopsallus, and Oligobiella; the male genitalia of Lopsallus are unknown and the apex of the endosoma of Insulopus is short, although the basal portion might otherwise be considered similar to that found in Agrametra and the other genera previously mentioned. We have placed all of these genera in the Nasocorini on the basis of their small size and relatively simple endosomal structure. Furthermore, these genera would seem to be related to Chlamydatus based on the broad pulvillus almost reaching apex of the claw, many details of endosomal structure, the long, thin, S-shaped vestibulum, body proportions, and head structure.

*Arctostaphylocoris Schuh and Schwartz, 2004 (Western Nearctic; 2 spp.)

We place this taxon the Nasocorini on the basis of its small size, dark coloration, simple endosoma with a subapical secondary gonopore, and the presence of weakly scalelike setae on the dorsum. Schuh and Schwartz (2004) treated the genus as related to Chlamydatus and Salicarus.

Atomophora Reuter, 1879 (Palearctic; 13 spp.)

This taxon was placed in its own subtribe by Wagner (1974), an approach rejected by Linnavuori (1990), who related it to Camptotylidea and Taeniophorus, all three of which he said were related to the Phylus group. We argue that the small size and simple male genitalia suggest a relationship with the other genera we place in the Nasocorini.

Atomoscelis Reuter, 1875 (Palearctic; 8 spp.)

We place this taxon in the Nasocorini because of the generally small size and the simple endosoma. Atomoscelis spp. feed almost exclusively on species of Chenopodiaceae, as do members of the genera Megalopsallus and Solenoxyphus.

Atractotomoidea Yasunaga, 1999 (Japan, Nepal, Thailand; 5 spp.)

Yasunaga (1999) compared this taxon to Atractotomus, a comparison we believe is valid based on the serrate gonopore sclerite, long, sometimes swollen, antennal segment II equal in length to basal width of pronotum, and body proportions. A relationship with Phoenicocoris is suggested by the shape of endosoma. Yasunaga (2010) stressed the asymmetry of the dorsal labiate plate as an apomorphy of the genus, but judging from the published photos, the structure discussed by him is just an expanded S-shaped vestibulum similar to that of Larinocerus and Hambletoniola.

*Atractotomus Fieber, 1858 (Holarctic; 46 spp.)

See discussions in Stonedahl (1990).

*Badezorus Distant, 1910 (Palearctic; 6 spp.)

Badezorus spp. are very similar to species of Atomoscelis and some other taxa we place in the Nasocorini in terms of size, coloration, and structure of the head; indeed, some species now placed in Badezorus were previously placed in Atomoscelis. These considerations and the sequence data of Menard et al. (2013) have determined our placement of Badezorus. Nonetheless, antennal coloration in Badezorus is also similar to that found in some taxa we place in the Exaeretina, although many members of that grouping are larger in size than all Badezorus spp.

Beckocoris Knight, 1968 (Western Nearctic; 5 spp.)

See discussion under Lattinophylus.

Bergmiris Carvalho, 1984 (Neotropical: Argentina; 2 spp.)

We tentatively place this taxon in the Nasocorini because of its relatively small size, dark coloration, and relatively simple endosoma. Although not all members of the tribe possess these characteristics, they are common to many. Bergmiris shares with Larinocerus, Hambletoniola, most Atractotomus spp., Caiganga, and Tapuruyunus an enlarged second antennal segment. Under our conception, Nasocorini is a group of worldwide distribution and the occurrence of Bergmiris in Argentina complements that distribution (see also discussion under Caiganga and Tapuruyunus).

Boopidocoris Reuter, 1879 (Palearctic; 3 spp.)

Although Reuter (1883) erected a new monotypic tribe for Boopidocoris, few subsequent authors have recognized that higher taxon. In his revision of the genus, Linnavuori (1995) related Boopidocoris to Solenoxyphus, by implication, on the structure of the endosoma, with a characteristic shape of the apex and a series of teeth near the secondary gonopore; they also share a similar color pattern. We place Boopidocoris in the Nasocorini based on the simple endosoma with a single apical spine and its apparent relationship to Solenoxyphus.

Caiganga Carvalho and Becker, 1957 (Neotropical: southern Brazil; 1 sp.)

This taxon was described on the basis of a single male from Santa Catarina, Brazil, which the authors did not dissect. It has received no further mention in the literature since its description. Based on the dark coloration, the enlarged second antennal segment, and the distribution, we suggest that Caiganga may be synonymous with Bergmiris Carvalho, 1984, but that the antennae in the holotype of the former are deflated. We therefore place Caiganga in the Nasocorini for the same reasons given for Bergmiris.

Camptotylidea Wagner, 1957 (Palearctic; 30 spp.)

This taxon was recently revised by Konstantinov (1999) who agreed with Linnavuori (1990) in treating it as related to Atomophora and Taeniophorus. We place it in the Nasocorini because of the pulvilli that are attached over much of the ventral surface of the claw and the simple endosoma.

*Campylomma Reuter, 1878 (Old World, including Australia; 134 spp.)

See Schuh (1984).

Chinacapsus Wagner, 1961 (Palearctic: Madeira Island; 12 spp.)

Wagner (1961, 1975) placed Chinacapsus from Madeira, Lindbergopsallus from the Canary Islands, and the more widespread Paramixia Reuter in what he called the Cephalocapsus group on the basis of parempodial structure. Schuh (1974) showed that Paramixia belonged to the Pilophorini, a position that is corroborated by the work of Schuh and Menard (2011) and Menard et al. (2013). Schuh and Schwartz (1988) demonstrated that Sthenaridea was the senior synonym of Paramixia and Cephalocapsus. Thus, even though the association of Chinacapsus with Cephalocapsus was in error, the association of Chinacapsus and Lindbergopsallus seems valid on the basis of parempodial structure, but this condition is not unique to these taxa because structurally similar apically converging parempodia are also found in several other groups, including Auricillocoris Schuh and its near relatives (Hallodapini), Moissonia (Exaeretini), and the Melaleucoides group of genera (Exocarpocorina). Although endosomal structure is relatively consistent within both Chinacapsus and Lindbergopsallus, there are distinct differences between them. The habitus, ratios, and vestiture of Chinacapsus fit well within the Chlamydatus group of genera; the male genitalia are also most similar to those of Phoenicocoris, Salicarus, Chlamydatus, and related genera. The same may be true for Lindbergopsallus, however the latter has an atypical, apically twin-bladed endosoma. Schwartz and Stonedahl (2004) documented similarly fleshy parempodia in Phoenicocoris dissimilis Reuter. On the basis of these observations we place Chinacapsus in the Nasocorini. See also comments under Dominiquella, Liviopsallus, and Nubaia, which we place in the Phylini: Phylina.

*Chlamydatus Curtis, 1833 (Holarctic; 32 spp.)

See Schuh and Schwartz (2005).

Chlamyopsallus Schwartz, 2005 (Western Nearctic; 1 sp.)

We are placing this taxon in the Nasocorini because of its small size and the delicate endosoma with two short apical projections. The pulvilli are adnate to and cover nearly the entire ventral surface of the claw, a characteristic also seen in species of Megalopsallus, among other taxa placed in the Nasocorini. This taxon has numerous long, erect, dark setae on the dorsum, an attribute unlike other species we place in the tribe.

Hambletoniola Carvalho, 1954 (Western Nearctic; 1 sp.)

The distinctive antennal structure and male and female genitalic morphology of this taxon suggest that it is the sister group of Larinocerus Froeschner (Henry and Schuh, 1979). Because the analysis of Menard et al. (2013) placed Larinocerus in the Nasocorini, we also include Hambletoniola.

Helenocoris Schmitz, 1976 (St. Helena Island; 1 sp.)

See discussion under Agrametra.

Hirtopsallus Schmitz, 1976 (St. Helena Island; 1 sp.)

See discussion under Agrametra.

Insulopus Schmitz, 1976 (St. Helena Island; 1 sp.)

See discussion under Agrametra.

Karocris V. Putshkov, 1975 (Palearctic: Central Asia; 1 sp.)

The taxon is undoubtedly closely related to Phoenicocoris, and we therefore place it in the Nasocorini. The two taxa differ in details of vestiture and coloration of legs, among other attributes; Karocris feeds on Seriphidium (Asteraceae), rather than conifers as in Phoenicocoris.

Kasumiphylus Schwartz and Stonedahl, 2004 (Palearctic: Japan; 1 sp.)

This taxon was described as part of the revision of Phoenicocoris by Schwartz and Stonedahl (2004). The small size, scalelike setae, and endosomal structure argue for its placement in the Nasocorini, as is also the case for Phoenicocoris.

Knightomiroides Stonedahl and Schwartz, 1996 (Western Nearctic; 1 sp.)

We place this taxon in the Nasocorini on the basis of its small size, large pulvilli adnate to the entire ventral surface of the claw, scalelike setae, and endosomal structure similar to that seen in Phoenicocoris.

Lamprosthenarus Poppius, 1914 (Ethiopian; 1 sp.)

Schuh (1974) presented data for specimens that he placed in this nominal genus. He compared the male genitalia (Schuh, 1974: figs. 255–257) with those of Coatonocapsus, although we now believe a more accurate comparison is with Campylomma, a group that Schuh (1974) did not treat, and we therefore place Lamprosthenarus in the Nasocorini. Although the endosoma bears similarities with Campylomma, the rather heavily punctured dorsum is rare in the Phylinae, and the shining black coloration of the body in Lamprosthenarus is unlike what is seen in most Campylomma species.

*Larinocerus Froeschner, 1965 (Western Nearctic; 2 spp.)

Although the male and female genitalia of Larinocerus and Hambletoniola are much larger and more heavily sclerotized than those in the other genera placed in this tribe, the results of Menard et al. (2013) consistently place Larinocerus with genera such as Atractotomus, Megalopsallus, and Rhinacloa. Larinocerus and Hambletoniola have scalelike setae on the antennae (see scanning micrographs in Henry and Schuh, 1979), rather than on the body as seen in many other members of this tribal grouping.

Lattinophylus Schuh, 2008 (Western Nearctic; 1 sp.)

This taxon was described by Schuh (2008) in conjunction with revisions of the genera Beckocoris Knight and Nevadocoris Knight. All three genera have restricted and broadly overlapping distributions that surround the Great Basin of western North America. They also feed primarily on genera of Asteraceae, with Beckocoris and Nevadocoris specializing on members of the toxic genus Tetradymia and Lattinophylus on Artemisia. All three genera have a relatively simple endosoma with a small or reduced secondary gonopore, moderately large to large pulvilli covering nearly the entire ventral surface of the claw, and numerous scalelike setae of the type seen in Atractotomus, Phoenicocoris, and Rhinacloa. The analyses of Menard et al. (2013) grouped taxa with scalelike setae in the Nasocorini, and for that reason we place these three genera in that higher taxon. Among North American genera placed in the Nasocorini, Lattinophylus is distinctive because of the strong brachyptery in the females.

Lindbergopsallus Wagner, 1962, (Palearctic: Canary Islands; 5 spp.)

See discussion under Chinacapsus.

Lopsallus Schmitz, 1976 (St. Helena Island; 1 sp.)

See discussion under Agrametra.

Maurodactylus Reuter, 1878 (Palearctic; 6 spp.)

We place this taxon in the Nasocorini based on similarity of body form to genera such as Megalopsallus and Nasocoris and the simple structure of the endosoma, similar to that seen in the Chlamydatus-Phoenicocoris-Salicarus group of genera.

*Megalopsallus Knight, 1927 (Nearctic; 29 spp.)

Schuh (2000) revised this genus and subsumed within it Merinocapsus Knight, the latter action corroborated by the analyses of Menard et al. (2013). The somewhat heterogeneous habitus and male genitalic structure of this group might offer reasons to question its monophyly. Nonetheless, the four species included in the analysis of Menard et al. (2013) form a monophyletic group and corroborate the conclusions of Schuh (2000b) concerning the composition of group. Most Megalopsallus spp. feed on halophytes. See also comments under Nasocoris.

Monosynamma J. Scott, 1864 (Holarctic; 3 spp.)

We place this taxon in the Nasocorini because of similarity of external morphology and male genitalic structure with that seen in Chlamydatus and related genera. According to F. Konstantinov (personal commun.) Wagner’s (1975) placement of the taxon would allow for a similar conclusion.

Naresthus Schmitz, 1976 (St. Helena Island; 1 sp.)

See discussion under Agrametra.

Nasocoris Reuter, 1879 (Palearctic; 16 spp.)

This taxon is morphologically similar to Megalopsallus, including the structurally simple endosoma. All but two of the known species are documented as breeding on Ephedra spp. (Ephedraceae), a habit seen elsewhere in the Phylinae only in several Megalopsallus spp. from North America and two of the numerous Camptotylidea spp. from the Palearctic. We therefore place Nasocoris in the same group with Megalopsallus and use the oldest applicable family-group name, Nasocorini. Nasocoris might be related to Solenoxyphus and Boopidocoris based on details of endosomal structure.

Neisopsallus Schmitz, 1976 (St. Helena Island; 2 spp.)

See discussion under Agrametra.

Neophylus Carvalho and Costa, 1992 (Nearctic: Mexico; 1 sp.)

This taxon was placed in the Phylini by Carvalho and Costa (1992). We tentatively place it in the Nasocorini based on the simple structure of the male genitalia, the small size, and the dark coloration. The general appearance is similar to that of Tuxedo, but all known species of that genus have two, small, sclerotized apical appendages on the endosoma, do not have a dense vestiture on the dorsum, and show moderate to strong sexual dimorphism. For these reasons we reject, for the time being, placement of Neophyus in the Leucophoropterini: Tuxedoina. Examination of specimens and verification of additional morphological details will help to corroborate or reject our placement.

Nevadocoris Knight, 1968 (Western Nearctic; 5 spp.)

See discussion under Lattinophylus.

Nigrimiris Carvalho and Schaffner, 1973 (Neotropical: Southern Brazil; 1 sp.)

We place Nigrimiris in the Nasocorini on the basis of the small size and simple form of the endosoma. The dark coloration is also concordant with many members of the group.

Nigrocapillocoris Wagner, 1973 (Palearctic: France, Corsica; 1 sp.)

This taxon was originally treated as a subgenus of Sthenarus. Wagner and Weber (1978) gave it generic status. The preponderance of evidence suggests membership in the Nasocorini.

Oligobiella Reuter, 1885 (St. Helena Island; 1 sp.)

See discussion under Agrametra.

Orthopidea Reuter, 1899 (Palearctic: Mediterranean; 2 spp.)

Wagner (1975) placed Orthopidea in his Plagiognathus group. Nonetheless, the taxon shares many features of the Chlamydatus group of genera, e.g., the structure of the head and pretarsus. The male genitalia are similar to those of Salicarus, although the endosoma bears only a single blade apically. For these reasons we place Orthopidea in the Nasocorini.

Phaxia Kerzhner, 1984 (Palearctic: Mongolia; 1 sp.)

Phaxia is based on the single species, P. festiva Kerzhner, obviously named for its pleasing appearance and distinctive coloration. It is recorded as feeding on Atraphaxis pungens (Polygonaceae) (Kerzhner, 1984). Males of this small, sexually dimorphic species are about 3.5 mm in length. The dorsum is highly polished with a single type of pubescence. The pronotum is campanulate and similar in shape to that of Tytthus spp.; indeed Kerzhner (1984) compared Phaxia with Tytthus, Ephippiocoris, and Plesiodema. On the basis of small size and the form of the endosoma we suggest that this taxon may rather be related to members of the Nasocorini, and we provisionally place it in that tribe.

Phoenicocoris Reuter, 1875 (Holarctic; ~15 spp.)

In North America most of the species now placed in this taxon were placed in Lepidopsallus Knight (= Atractotomus Fieber) by H.H. Knight. The disposition of species from the Palearctic has a more complicated history. The revision of Phoenicocoris, an exclusively conifer-feeding assemblage, by Schwartz and Stonedahl (2004) produced a morphologically and biologically homogeneous group that shares features in common with Atractotomus, including a partial row of spicules on the dorsodistal surface of the hind femur as well as similarities in the structure of the endosoma and the presence of broad scalelike setae in all known species. We therefore place Phoenicocoris in the Nasocorini.

Pinomiris Stonedahl and Schwartz, 1996 (Western Nearctic; 2 spp.)

We place this taxon in the Nasocorini on the basis of its small size, large pulvilli adnate to the entire ventral surface of the claw, flattened scalelike setae, and endosomal structure similar to that seen in Phoenicocoris.

Pruneocoris Schuh and Schwartz, 2004 (Western Nearctic; 1 sp.)

We are placing this taxon in the Nasocorini because of its small size and delicate endosoma with a single, short, apical projection. The pulvilli are adnate to and cover nearly the entire ventral surface of the claw and there are flattened scalelike setae that are reminiscent of those seen in most species of Atractotomus and other taxa we place in the Nasocorini.

*Psallomimus Wagner, 1951 (Ethiopian/southern Palearctic; 6 spp.)

This taxon was placed in the Nasocorini in the total-evidence analyses of Menard et al. (2013) and possesses a coiled endosoma, a feature seen in some other members of the group.

*Rhinacloa Reuter, 1876 (Neotropical and Mexico; 39 spp.)

See Schuh and Schwartz (1985).

Salicarus Kerzhner, 1962 (Palearctic; 10 spp.)

The small size, possession of scalelike setae, and simple structure of the endosoma argue for placement of this taxon in the Nasocorini (see discussion in Schwartz and Stonedahl, 2004).

Solenoxyphus Reuter, 1875 (Palearctic; 16 spp.)

We place this taxon in the Nasocorini because of the relatively simple structure of the endosoma and other similarities of morphology and appearance that the genus shares with species of Megalopsallus. The habit of feeding on Chenopodiaceae is an attribute also shared with most species of Megalopsallus.

*Spanagonicus Berg, 1883 (New World; 2 spp.)

This taxon is unusual in the tribe because of the sexual dimorphism in the antennae and the contrasting pale fascia on the dorsum. Nonetheless, the analysis of Menard et al. (2013) placed Spanagonicus in the Nasocorini, a placement that would seem to be corroborated by the small size and small, simple endosoma.

Squamophylus Carvalho and Costa, 1992 (Nearctic: Mexico; 1 sp.)

This taxon has all of the diagnostic features of Atractotomus, including squamate setae, a sigmoid endosoma and a terminal secondary gonopore as illustrated by Carvalo and Costa (1992). We therefore place it in the Nasocorini.

Sthenaropsis Poppius, 1912 (Palearctic; 11 spp.)

These small compact bugs have the head concave behind and bear scalelike setae of the type found in many Atractotomus spp. For these reasons we place the taxon in the Nasocorini. The tube-shaped endosoma with the secondary gonopore at the extreme apex is structurally similar to that of Spanagonicus.

Taeniophorus Linnavuori, 1952 (Palearctic; 1 sp.)

See discussion under Atomophora and Camptotylidea.

Tannerocoris Knight, 1970 (Western Nearctic; 1 sp.)

We place this taxon in the Nasocorini based on the presence of elongate scalelike setae on the pronotum, the large pulvilli adnate to the entire ventral surface of the claw, and the simple C-shaped endosoma. The pulvilli and the coloration pattern are reminiscent of Beckocoris spp.

Tapuruyunus Carvalho, 1946 (Neotropical: Brazil; 1 sp.)

This taxon shares with the more recently described Bergmiris and Caiganga attributes that suggest that these taxa may be synonymous. These include the dark coloration, relatively small size, inflated antennae, and in the case of Bergmiris spp. and Tapuruyunus, a simple endosoma with a long, free, sclerotized terminal spine (see also discussions under Bergmiris and Caiganga).

Thymopsallus Linnavuori, 1975 (Palearctic: Ethiopia; 2 spp.)

We place this taxon in the Nasocorini based on characters in the original description and subsequent redescriptions of the genus by Linnavouri (1975, 1991). Linnavouri (1975) considered the genus to be most closely related to Platypsallus Sahlberg (= Chlamydatus). Furthermore, the pronounced clypeus, the brachypterous condition seen both in males and females, the “pear-shaped” and somewhat dorsally depressed habitus, and the long arcuate endosoma with apical processes are characteristics shared with many taxa we place in the Nasocorini.

Tijucaphylus Carvalho and Costa, 1992 (Neotropical: Brazil; 1 sp.)

This small, compact-bodied, monotypic taxon from southern Brazil has the head concave behind; the endosoma forms single coil, has a single, short, apical spine, and the secondary gonopore is subtended by a row of sawlike teeth. Based on the small size and form of the endosoma we place Tijucaphylus in the Nasocorini.

Tunisiella Carapezza, 1997 (Palearctic: North Africa; 1 sp.)

We place this taxon from North Africa in the Nasocorini on the basis of its small size and the relatively simple structure of the endosoma.

Voruchia Reuter, 1879 (Palearctic: Turkey; 1 sp.)

Although this taxon has not received substantive mention in the literature since its original description it appears to be closely related to Solenoxyphus (F. Konstantinov, personal commun.) and we therefore place it in the Nasocorini.

Tribe EXAERETINI Puton, 1875 (type genus: Exaeretus Fieber, 1864)

Camptotylaria Reuter, 1891

Tuponiina, Wagner, 1952

Diagnosis: On the basis of morphological characters included in the analysis of Menard et al. (2013) this taxon is defined by a relatively long labium that extends past the hind coxae. However, our examination of a broader sample of taxa and consideration of prior diagnoses indicates that the structure of the pretarsus, with elongate claws and minute or completely absent pulvilli, seems to offer the strongest set of diagnostic morphological features for the group. Additional observations on the included taxa suggest that members also posses a relatively distinct large and twisted secondary gonopore, twisted, S-shaped endosoma composed of two straps united by a membrane and often with serrations, and most members having dark or sericeous setae on the hemelytron. Some members have an elevated posterior lobe on the left paramere. Wagner (e.g., 1975) treated some groups as lacking pulvilli entirely (e.g., Anonychiella, Aphaenophyes) whereas they actually have minute pulvilli.

Discussion: The analyses of Menard et al. (2013) recognized a monophyletic group, including Moissonia and Tuponia. Based on the work of Wagner (1975) and Konstantinov (2008b) we conclude that the senior name for this group is Exaeretina Puton, 1875 (see also comments below under Camptotylus). We provide below arguments for assigning additional genera to this grouping over and above those included in the analyses of Menard et al. (2013).

Anonychiella Reuter, 1912 (Palearctic; 9 spp.)

This taxon was allied with Tuponia by Wagner (1975) based on the elongate claws with minute pulvilli; we have followed his approach.

Aphaenophyes Reuter, 1899 (Palearctic; 4 spp.)

This taxon was allied with Tuponia by Wagner (1975) based on the elongate claws without pulvilli; we have followed his approach.

Atractotomimus Kiritshenko, 1952 (Palearctic; 3 spp.)

Our examination of Atractotomimus limonii Putshkov indicates that the general appearance and antennal structure are similar to those seen in males of Campylomma spp., but differ from that taxon in not showing sexual dimorphism. The endosoma, however, has two short terminal processes, not the elongate blades seen in most Campylomma spp., and the hind femur lacks the row of spinules seen in Campylomma and some other genera we place in the Nasocorini. The structure of endosoma and characteristically elongate claw with minute pulvillus apparently relate Atractotomimus to Tuponia. We therefore tentatively place the genus within Exaeretina in accordance with Wagner’s concept.

Auchenocrepis Fieber, 1858 (Palearctic; 6 spp.)

This taxon was allied with Tuponia by Wagner (1975) based on the elongate claws without pulvilli; we have followed his approach.

Brendaphylus Yasunaga, 2013 (Oriental; 1 sp.)

Based on the similarity of structure of the endosoma with that of Gonoporomiris, the sharing with Moissonia spp. of a somewhat elevated posterior lobe of the left paramere, and the weakly lamellate parempodia, we place Brendaphylus in the Exaeretini.

Camptotylus Fieber, 1860 (Palearctic; 8 spp.)

We place Camptotylus (a senior synonym of Exaeretus Fieber, 1864, on which the family-group name is based) with Tuponia because of the complete lack of a pulvillus (also in Moissonia) and the association with Tamarix, a similarity pointed out by Konstantinov (2008). The structure of the male genitalia supports this placement: all species of Camptotylus have a relatively large laminate subapical outgrowth on the phallotheca, a feature also observed in Yotvata, Eurycranella, Voruchiella, as well as in many Tuponia, Compsonannus, and Camptozorus spp.

Camptozorus Kerzhner, 1996 (Palearctic: Central Asia; 3 spp.)

This taxon currently comprises three species. Kerzhner (1996) related it to Badezorus and Camptotylus, genera that we do not place in the same tribe. We provisionally place Camptozorus in the Exaeretini because of the elongate claws that lack pulvilli.

Chrysochnoodes Reuter, 1901 (Palearctic: Mediterranean; 3 spp.)

The taxonomic history of this taxon was reviewed by Carapezza (1994), who pointed out that one of the included species, C. rufus Wagner, actually belonged to Icodema, to which he transferred it. Furthermore, he noted the “serrate ridge” on the dorsal margin of the endosoma, a structural feature similar to that seen in Moissonia and Megalodactylus. We therefore place Chrysoochnodes in the Exaeretini, even though it has larger pulivlli than most taxa we place in the tribe.

Compsonannus Reuter, 1902 (Palearctic; 10 spp.)

This taxon was allied with Tuponia by Wagner (1975) based on the elongate claws without pulvilli; we have followed his approach.

Eumecotarsus Kerzhner, 1962 (Palearctic; 4 spp.)

Kerzhner (1962) and Seidenstücker (1980) presented information on the structure of the male genitalia of this taxon, which is apparently related to the Tuponia group of genera. The endosoma is generally C-shaped and very short, as in Dasycapsus, with two lateral straps delimited by finely serrate membrane; the secondary gonopore is not evident. The claws are Tuponia-like in structure, with minute pulvilli.

Eurycranella Reuter, 1904 (Palearctic; 3 spp.)

This taxon was allied with Tuponia by Wagner (1975) based on the elongate claws with minute pulvilli; we have followed his approach.

Frotaphylus Carvalho, 1984 (Neotropical: Brazil; 1 sp.)

We place this taxon in the Exaeretina on the basis of its apparent similarity to Gonoporomiris, including the very short endosoma and the elevated posterior process of the left paramere, the latter attribute also seen in taxa such as Moissonia, which we place in this subtribe.

Gonoporomiris Henry and Schuh, 2002 (Neotropical: Florida, Caribbean; 2 spp.)

Henry and Schuh (2002) placed this taxon in the Phylini, without further comment on its relationships. These small, seldom-collected bugs have a short endosoma that is largely occupied by an outsized secondary gonopore. We are tentatively placing Gonoporomiris in the Exaeretina because of the shape of the posterior process of the left paramere, which is elevated in a way most frequently seen in Moissonia. The endosoma in Moissonia is short, robust, and C-shaped, a situation not unlike that seen in Gonoporomiris, although the gonopore is never so greatly enlarged in the former genus.

Hyalopsallus Carvalho and Schaffner, 1973 (Neotropical: Caribbean, Brazil; 1 sp.)

On the basis of body form, the hyaline hemelytra, and the form of the male genitalia Hyalopsallus appears to be related to Moissonia.

Hadrophyes Puton, 1874 (Palearctic; 4 spp.)

This taxon was allied with Tuponia by Wagner (1975) based on the elongate claws without pulvilli; we have followed his approach.

Megalodactylus Fieber, 1858 (Palearctic; 2 spp.)

This taxon was allied with Tuponia by Wagner (1975) based on the elongate claws without pulvilli; we have followed his approach. The shape of, and a series of rectangular teeth on, the endosoma further relate the genus to Moissonia.

*Moissonia Reuter, 1894 (Circumtropical; ~40 spp.)

The taxonomic history of this genus involves lengthy synonymy. It is not entirely clear to us that all species currently placed in the genus belong there, but we nonetheless argue that for the moment the broader concept of this group as applied by Linnavuori (1993a) is superior to recognizing several segregate genera, which may or may not be monophyletic, as done by Schuh (1984).

Opuna Kirkaldy, 1902 (Oriental-Pacific; 7 spp.)

Schuh (1984) placed species in addition to the Hawaiian type species in this genus, admitting that the taxa that he grouped together might not form a monophyletic group. Allowing for that possibility, we nonetheless place Opuna in the Exaeretini because of the moderately fleshy parempodia, the elevated posterior process of the left paramere, and endosomal structure similar to that found in Moissonia spp.

Pastocoris Reuter, 1879 (Palearctic; 2 spp.)

This taxon was allied with Tuponia by Wagner (1975) based on the elongate claws with minute pulvilli; we have followed his approach.

Psallopsis Reuter, 1901 (Palearctic; 15 spp.)

This taxon was allied with Tuponia by Wagner (1975) based on the elongate claws with minute pulvilli; we have followed his approach.

Randallopsallus Yasunaga, 2013 (Oriental: Thailand; 1 sp.)

Yasunaga (2013) mentioned the similarity in appearance of this taxon with species of Psallus, but noted that this was superficial. We place Randallopsallus in the Exaeretini because of the elevated posterior process of the left paramere as seen in species of Moissonia, Gonoporomiris, and other taxa we place in the Exaeretini. The lamellate parempodia of Randallopsallus also conform to the type seen in Moissonia spp.

*Tuponia Reuter, 1875 (Palearctic; 87 spp.)

Voruchiella Poppius, 1912 (Palearctic:; 8 spp.)

This taxon was allied with Tuponia by Wagner (1975) based on the elongate claws with minute pulvilli; we have followed his approach.

Yotvata Linnavuori, 1964 (Palearctic; 14 spp.)

Although we have found no comparisons of Yotvata and Camptotylus in the literature, we propose that the structure of the endosoma, with a medial secondary gonopore, a long apex, and the left paramere with a dorsomedial process suggest a close relationship between these two nominal genera. The elongate and narrow claws with minute pulvilli are also in accordance with this placement. Camptotylus feeds on Tamaricaceae whereas available host data suggest that Yotvata breeds on a variety of plant taxa.

Tribe Cremnorrhini Reuter, 1883 (type genus: Cremnorrhinus Reuter, 1880)

Diagnosis: The analyses of Menard et al. (2013) united several genera within this tribe, including multiple undescribed genera from South Africa and Australia, predominantly based on molecular information; unifying morphological characters are yet to be identified based on their generalized codings for the entire Phylinae. It is likely that a more refined morphological analysis of the taxa in this tribe, and the description of the undescribed taxa, will reveal diagnostic characters.

Discussion: This tribal-level grouping was proposed by Reuter (1883) to include only the genus Cremnorrhinus. As presented here the concept of this higher-category name is much broader, including the Cremnorrhina clade as well as the Coatonocapsina as recovered by Menard et al. (2013). See also comments below under Cremnorrhina.

Subtribe Cremnorrhina Reuter, 1883 (type genus: Cremnorrhinus Reuter, 1880)

Harpoceridae Douglas and Scott, 1865

Pronotocrepini Knight, 1929, new synonym

Diagnosis: Members of this subtribe have an elongate postocular region (Menard et al., 2013). Additional characters shared by this group, but which are not uncontradicted synapomorphies, include a relatively pronounced frons and clypeus, creating a conical shape to the head in dorsal view, enlarged usually free pulvilli, and strong sexual dimorphism.

Discussion: Wagner (1974) was apparently the first author subsequent to Reuter (1883) to recognize this group; he included the genera Cremnorrhinus, Macrotylus, and Utopnia. The structure of the head and male genitalia of Cremnorrhinus show similarities with those of Macrotylus, as suggested by Wagner (1974) and as confirmed by F. Konstantinov (personal commun.). We therefore apply this name to the grouping that includes the Pronotocrepini of Wyniger (2010), because of the close relationship between Macrotylus and Pronotocrepis as demonstrated by the analysis of Menard et al. (2013). We have chosen not to further divide the subtribe at the present time because we do not have sufficient data for all included taxa to argue for the recognition of additional monophyletic groups. We predict ultimate recognition of a monophyletic group under the name Pronotocrepina with inclusion of at least those taxa included by Wyniger (2010).

Although the name Harpoceridae was proposed earlier than Cremnorrhina, for the moment we do not treat it as the senior synonym because of the doubtful placement of its type genus Harpocera.

*Amblytylus Fieber, 1858 (Palearctic; 10 spp.)

This taxon is placed in the Cremnorrhina based on the analyses of the Menard et al. (2013). The endosoma is relatively short and stout with two apical spines (Matocq and Pluot-Sigwalt, 2012); the pulvilli are large, entending over most of the length of the claw, in accordance with other members of the Cremnorrhina. According to Matocq and Pluot-Sigwalt (2012), Amblytylus is most closely related to Megalocoleus, but we argue that the more relevant comparison is with Lopus, based on the projecting head, the enlarged pulvilli, the structure of the endosoma with two short apical spines, and the habit of feeding strictly on Poaceae. Furthermore, the literature indicates that the delimitation of the two genera, one from another, has been a subject of ongoing confusion. The presumption of a relationship between Amblytylus and Lopus is evident in the work of Wagner (1975).

Brachyceratocoris Knight, 1968 (Southwest Nearctic; 1 sp.)

We place this taxon in the Cremnorrhina because of the prominent frons and clypeus and large free pulvilli. In addition to the characters listed above, the numerous erect setae on the dorsum and the structure of the endosoma suggest a relationship to Macrotylus.

Calidroides Schwartz, 2005 (Southwest Nearctic; 2 spp.)

This taxon is closely related to Strophopoda Van Duzee based on the structure of the head, endosoma, and the large, free pulvilli (Schwartz, 2005). See also arguments under Strophopoda.

*Coquillettia Uhler, 1890 (Western Nearctic; 35 spp.)

This taxon was placed in the Hallodapini by Carvalho (1952, 1958) on the basis of the flattened pronotal collar, and ostensibly grouped with the other North American genera Orectoderus and Teleorhinus; Wyniger (2012) placed Coquillettia, and the two closely related new genera Leutiola Wyniger and Ticua Wyniger, in the Phylini. The analyses of Menard et al. (2013) indicated that Coquillettia belongs to a more broadly conceived Cremnorrhina, which can be diagnosed on the basis of the projecting head and the enlarged, and in this case free, pulvilli. The endosoma is heavily sclerotized and forms a single fused strap of tubular form, although not as heavy as that seen in those taxa placed in the Pronotocrepini by Wyniger (2010).

Cremnorrhinus Reuter, 1880 (Palearctic: Eastern Mediterranean; 1 sp.)

See discussion under Cremnorrhina.

Dacota Uhler, 1872 (Holarctic; 3 spp.)

This taxon has traditionally been placed in the Phylini, because it lacked the distinguishing attributes of other tribes. We here move Dacota to the Cremnorrhina on the basis of the endosomal structure similar to that seen in Ethelastia and Orectoderus, the projecting head, the enlarged flaplike pulvilli that are adnate over most of the length of the claw, unlike the situation seen in many members of the subtribe, and the strong sexual dimorphism.

*Denticulophallus Schuh, 1974 (Ethiopian: South Africa; 1 sp.)

The taxon was placed in the Phylini at the time of its description. The analyses of Menard et al. (2013) indicated that Denticulophallus groups with other genera we place in the Cremnorrhina, an association that is corroborated by the projecting head and the enlarged free pulvilli.

Ethelastia Reuter, 1876 (Palearctic: Central Asia; 2 spp.)

See Konstantinov (2008c) and discussion in Wyniger (2010).

Euderon Puton, 1888 (Palearctic: North Africa; 1 sp.)

The description and illustrations of Wagner (1970) indicate the prognathous nature of the head, with the clypeus protruding, as well as claws with long free pulvilli. We therefore tentatively place this taxon in the Cremnorrhini, Cremnorrhina, in spite of the autapomorphic condition seen in the distally inflated second antennal segment and the elevated posterior margin of the pronotum. Apparently the only known specimen of this species is the holotype (Wagner, 1970).

Excentricoris Carvalho, 1955 (Palearctic; 4 spp.)

We place this taxon in the Cremnorrhina on the basis of the large, free pulvilli, weakly basally toothed claws, and strongly projecting frons and clypeus. The swollen antennae are simply autapomorphic, in a taxon that might otherwise be placed in Macrotylus.

Guentherocoris Schuh and Schwartz, 2004 (Southwest Nearctic; 1 sp.)

Guentherocoris atritibialis (Knight) was originally placed in Psallus because of the woolly vestiture. Schuh and Schwartz (2004) described a new genus to accommodate the taxon because it did not possess the diagnostic features of any described genus. We are placing Guentherocoris in the Cremnorrhina because it has a clypeus easily visible from above (although the head is not protuberant) and large free pulvilli.

Harpocera Curtis, 1838 (Palearctic; 7 spp.)

The second antennal segment in the males of Harpocera has a terminal modification, presumably used for grasping the female during copulation. The pulvilli are relatively large and attached to the expanded base of the claw, a condition similar to that seen in many of the genera we place in the Cremnorrhina, and the head is weakly prognathous with the clypeus visible from above. Harpocera has distinctly carinate anterior angles of the pronotum, a feature observed in many genera placed in the Pronotocrepini by Wyniger (2010). All known species are strongly sexually dimorphic, in addition to the antennal modifications. The left paramere has an elevated posterior lobe similar to what is seen in Moissonia, but we believe arguments for placement of Harpocera in the Cremnorrhina are stronger than for association with Moissonia. All but one species have hosts listed as Quercus. The autapomorphic condition of the antennae has led to the placement of this genus in its own higher taxon (see subtribal synonymy and discussion).

Leutiola Wyniger, 2012 (Western Nearctic; 3 spp.)

See comments under Coquillettia.

Lopidodenus V. Putshkov, 1974 (Palearctic: Central Asia; 3 spp.)

Members of this taxon are pale in color, moderately sexually dimorphic, moderately prognathous, and have an elongate slender endosoma with a single apical spine and the secondary gonopore well removed from the apex. Lopidodenus is apparently closely related to Lopus based on size, body proportions, somewhat protruding clypeus, vestiture type, coloration, and especially the large free pulvillus that reaches almost to the apex of the claw. We therefore place Lopidodenus in the Cremnorrhina.

Lopus Hahn, 1833 (Western Palearctic; 3 spp.)

We place this taxon in the Cremnorrhina because of similarity of structure of the head and the endosoma with that of Amblytylus spp., the pretarsus with long free pulvilli, and the placement of Amblytylus in the analyses of Menard et al. (2013). Both groups feed exclusively on grasses. See also arguments under Amblytylus.

*Macrotylus Fieber, 1858 (Holarctic, South Africa; 69 spp.)

This is the largest single genus we place in the Cremnorrhina. Its currently recognized distribution includes the Holarctic as well as two species from South Africa. The enlarged free pulvilli attached near the base of the basally toothed claw and the elongate head, with protruding clypeus, are characters used to diagnose the genus, but are certainly not exclusive to it. A review of this group, particularly with investigation of genitalic structure in the North American taxa, is overdue.

Orectoderus Uhler, 1876 (Western Nearctic; 5 spp.)

See Wyniger, 2010.

Pachyxyphus Fieber, 1858 (Western Palearctic; 5 spp.)

We tentatively place this taxon in the Cremnorrhina because of the relatively large pulvilli that are free from the claw except at the base, the prognathous head and prominent clypeus, and the heavy black setae on the dorsum. The endosoma has a membranous lobe with a series of rectangular teeth (Wagner, 1975; Ribes and Ribes, 2000) and overall shape similar to that of Moissonia. All known members feed on the Cistaceae.

Paralopus Wagner, 1957 (Palearctic: Eastern Mediterranean, Iran; 2 spp.)

Linnavuori (1994), in his revision of this taxon, related it to Lopus, primarily on the basis of pretarsal structure. We follow his theory and place Paralopus in the Cremnorrhina.

*Pronotocrepis Knight, 1929 (Western Nearctic; 1 sp.)

See Wyniger, 2010.

Shendina Linnavuori, 1975 (Nearctic: Northern Sudan; 1 sp.)

We place this taxon in the Cremnorrhina because of the basally toothed claw and the elongate free pulvillus as described by Linnavuori (1975, 1993a). The globose shape of the head also conforms to what is frequently seen in members of the Cremnorrhina, although the clypeus is less strongly protruding than in many taxa. The structure of the endosoma also appears to conform to other members of the Cremnorrhina.

Strophopoda Van Duzee, 1916 (Western Nearctic; 1 sp.)

We place this taxon in the Cremnorrhina because of the heavily sclerotized endosoma, the prominent frons and clypeus, and large free pulvilli (see Schwartz, 2005). Although much smaller in size than the taxa included in Pronotocrepini by Wyniger (2010), Strophopoda has many similarities in overall morphology with other taxa we place in the Cremnorrhina.

*Teleorhinus Uhler, 1890 (Western Nearctic; 3 spp.)

See Wyniger, 2010.

Ticua Wyniger, 2012 (Western Nearctic; 3 spp.)

See comments under Coquillettia.

Utopnia Reuter, 1881 (Palearctic: Eastern Mediterranean; 1 sp.)

We place this taxon in the Cremnorrhina because of the similarity of pretarsal structure with that of Macrotylus, and the association of these genera by Wagner (1974).

Zinjolopus Linnavuori, 1975 (Palearctic: Sudan; 2 spp.)

Linnavuori (1975) related Zinjolopus to Paralopus, both of which accordingly should be related to Lopus. We therefore place this taxon in the Cremnorrhina.

Coatonocapsina, new subtribe (type genus: Coatonocapsus Schuh, 1974)

Diagnosis: This grouping is heterogeneous in coloration, overall appearance, and to some degree, structure of the genitalia. The majority of the taxa are over 3.5 mm in length, have weak to strong sexual dimorphism, and have a bifurcate apex of the endosoma.

Discussion: The total-evidence analyses of Menard et al. (2013) brought together a group of primarily South African taxa. Some of these taxa for which sequence data are available remain undescribed and represent ostensible new genera.

*Austropsallus Schuh, 1974 (Ethiopian: South Africa; 6 spp.)

Austropsallus is one of the largest genera of this grouping, with at least six species described from South Africa (Schuh 1974). All species have an endosoma with a bifurcate apex, moderate sexual dimorphism, and are fairly large in size, characteristics consistent with many of the other genera in this group.

Capecapsus Schuh, 1974 (Ethiopian: South Africa; 1 sp.)

Capecapsus was hypothesized by Schuh (1974) to be most closely related to Coatonocapsus Schuh based on shared sexual dimorphism and the structure of the male genitalia. This monotypic genus has a coiled endosoma, as do members of Coatonocapsus, but does not have the bifurcate endosomal apex of Austropsallus spp. and some Coatonocapsus spp.

*Coatonocapsus Schuh, 1974 (Ethiopian: South Africa; 4 spp.)

This genus is closely related to the genera Austropsallus and Capecapsus according to Schuh (1974), based on the form of the male genitalia. The endosoma of the Coatonocapsus shares the coiled characteristic of Capecapsus (Schuh 1974). This taxon also shows the sexual dimorphism of Parasciodema Poppius.

*Heterocapillus Wagner, 1960 (Palearctic; 11 spp.)

Our examination of the literature suggests that Heterocapillus, a group that is currently bound together primarily by the inflated second antennal segment, is in need of revision (see Stonedahl, 1990; Konstantinov, 2008d); our concept of the genus in the work of Menard et al. (2013) is based on what we believe to be H. genistae (Lindberg, 1948), which is not the type species. This taxon was placed in the Coatonocapsina in the POY analysis of Menard et al. (2013), although its position across all methods of analysis was not stable.

*Parasciodema Poppius, 1914 (Ethiopian: Southern Africa; 3 spp.)

Schuhistes Menard 2010, new synonymy

Schuh (1974) placed Parasciodema in the Phylini, as had Carvalho (1958). His arguments were based largely on characters that it lacked. We note that Parasciodema shares several features in common with Schuhistes Menard, including the enlarged pulvilli that are adnate to the claw, the short transverse head, the simple setae on the dorsum, and the similarity of structure of the endosoma. We also note that all known specimens of Parasciodema are male, and that most of them were collected at lights, according to Schuh (1974). This suggests that the females are brachypterous, as is the case in Schuhistes spp.; the distributions of the two genera are also broadly overlapping. Based on these factors and nearly identical genitalia of S. lekkersingia and P. abicoxa, we have concluded that Schuhistes is a junior synonym of Parasciodema new synonymy. This action creates the new combinations Parasciodema lekkersingia (Menard) and Parasciodema lyciae (Menard).

We note that whereas Parasciodema might be construed to be related to Karoocapsus Schuh on the basis of coloration and sexual dimorphism, Parasciodema spp. for which data are available appear to be phytophagous and host specific on Lycium (Solanaceae); although sexually dimorphic, they are at most vaguely mimetic with the females having relatively weakly reduced wings. Karoocapsus, on the other hand, is usually collected in small numbers with no obvious pattern of host association, and most species show pronounced sexual dimorphism, with the females being strongly myrmecomorphic and micropterous whereas the males have elongate, fully developed wings.

Tribe PHYLINI Douglas and Scott, 1865, sensu stricto (type genus: Phylus Hahn, 1831)

Diagnosis: The Phylini continues to be an amalgam of genera lacking easily characterized unifying morphological characters. The group shows great diversity in the Northern Hemisphere; most of the taxa from the Southern Hemisphere that we place in the Phylini are placed incertae sedis because we lack evidence to place them elsewhere. Nonetheless, the evidence seems to suggest that the tribe is predominantly Northern Hemisphere in distribution.

Discussion: This taxon was treated as an omnibus grouping without unique defining characters by Carvalho (1952, 1958), an approach that has been followed by subsequent authors such as Schuh (1974, 1984, 1995) and Kerzhner and Josifov (1999), even though a large number of names are available for the recognition of segregate groupings (e.g., Wagner, 1974, 1975). Based on the analyses of Menard et al. (2013), and additional argumentation, we offer the first attempt to place many genera in better justified groupings than is the case with the conspicuously paraphyletic Phylini sensu Carvalho. We recognize three subtribes, none of which show strong congruence with the genus groups recognized by Wagner (1975), who was the only modern author prior to this work to attempt to subdivide the Phylini. See also comments under Oncotylina and Phylina.

Keltoniina, new subtribe (type genus: Keltonia Knight, 1966)

Diagnosis: Morphological characters uniting this lineage include eyes that are parallel to the anterior margin of the pronotum and that take up less than half the total height of the head in lateral view in both sexes, a scent gland that is relatively small, and the pygophore in the male taking up greater than one-half the total length of the abdomen, according to Menard et al. (2013). The genera currently included in this subtribe also share long, prominent setae on the hemelytron intermixed with some sericeous setae, creating a black-and-white patterning, an attribute that is particularly obvious in Keltonia and Pseudatomoscelis.

Discussion: This grouping was recognized in all analyses of Menard et al. (2013) based on Keltonia and Reuteroscopus. Their analyses helped clarify the relationships of Reuteroscopus, many members of which have autoapomorphic ornamental structures on the endosoma of a type seldom seen elsewhere in the Phylinae (but see also Waupsallus below).

*Keltonia Knight, 1966 (Nearctic, including Mexico; 13 spp.)

See discussion under Pseudatomoscelis and revision of Henry (1991).

Pseudatomoscelis Poppius, 1911 (Caribbean, Mexico; 4 spp.)

This taxon was grouped by Henry (1991) with Keltonia Knight. His analysis is the most thorough available, and we therefore place Pseudatomoscelis in the Keltoniina, a grouping supported on the basis of color, setal, and endosomal characters.

*Reuteroscopus Kirkaldy, 1905 (New World; 54 spp.)

See discussion under Keltoniina.

Waupsallus Linnavuori, 1975 (Ethiopian; 5 spp.)

Although it differs in several unique ways, particularly the bizarre branched form of the right paramere, we place Waupsallus in the Keltoniina because of the similarity of structure of the apical portion of the endosoma to what is seen elsewhere only in Reuteroscopus.

Subtribe Phylina, Douglas and Scott, 1865 (type genus: Phylus Hahn, 1831)

Psallidae Douglas and Scott, 1865

Xenocorini Kirkaldy, 1906

Ectagelini Wagner, 1969

Diagnosis: Morphological characters uniting this grouping include the labium reaching past the hind coxae and the calli not visible on the pronotum (Menard et al., 2013). The morphology of the male genitalia in Phylus and Psallus, the two genera that were part of the molecular sample of Menard et al. (2013) offers no obvious set of similarities that clearly unites these two genera from the Palearctic, although the molecular data always group them together.

Discussion: As the nominal subtribe, this taxon contains Phylus Hahn and its relatives. Thus, the reader will find in the following list a large number of cross-references pointing to the revised placement of genera because of the omnibus nature of Phylini as conceived by prior authors. Unfortunately, the taxon sample of sequence data treated by Menard et al. (2013) for the Phylina was limited to species of Phylus and Psallus Fieber, so that the remaining taxa in the subtribe are placed on the basis of morphological similarity alone, or they represent taxa that we treat as incertae sedis, where data are insufficient to place them with confidence in any other tribe at the present time.

Acrotelus Reuter, 1885: see Phylini, Oncotylina

Adelphophylus Wagner, 1959 (Palearctic: Balkans; 2 spp.)

We place this taxon in the Phylina because of its presumed relationship to Phylus. Wagner (1975) placed the genus in his Phylus group.

Adenostomocoris Schuh and Schwartz, 2004: see Nasocorini

Agrametra Buchanan-White, 1878: see Nasocorini

Agraptocoris Reuter, 1903 (Palearctic: Mongolia, Tibet; 2 spp.)

We leave this taxon in the Phylini: Phylina for lack of information that would allow us to comment further on its subtribal placement. Illustrations of the male genitalia of Agraptocoris oncotyloides Vinokurov were published by Vinokurov and Kanyukova (1995).

Alloeotarsus Reuter, 1885: see Phylini, Oncotylina

Alnopsallus Duwal, Yasunaga, and Lee, 2010 (Himalayan: Nepal; 2 spp.)

We maintain the placement of this taxon in the Phylina because the structure of the male genitalia and the overall appearance suggest a relationship to the Holarctic fauna.

Alvarengamiris Carvalho, 1991, incertae sedis (Neotropical: Amazonia; 3 spp.)

This taxon is recorded as feeding on a single species of palm. The natural history and the general appearance of these bugs, excepting the absence of novel antennal structure, are similar to that of Anomalocornis; the structure of the endosoma is somewhat different. These attributes, in association with geographical proximity would suggest these taxa are closely related. It is our surmise that they might find their closest relatives in the genus group containing Platyscytus and what we believe to be its near relatives, and possibly also Parafulvius. Nonetheless, we assign Alvarengamiris incertae sedis within Phylina for lack of information allowing for a more compelling tribal placement (see also discussion under Parafulvius).

Amazonophilus Carvalho and Costa, 1993, incertae sedis (Neotropical: Amazonia; 1 sp.)

See discussion under Platyscytus.

Amblytylus Fieber, 1858: see Cremnorrhini, Cremnorrhina

Americodema T. Henry, 1999: see Phylini, Oncotylina

Ampimpacoris Weirauch and Schuh, 2011: see Semiini, Exocarpocorina

Anapsallus Odhiambo, 1960, incertae sedis (Ethiopian: East and West Africa; 2 spp.)

This taxon was originally placed in the Hallodapini by Odhiambo (1960) but later transferred to the Phylini by Schuh (1974). Linnavuori (1993a) illustrated the male genitalia, showing that the endosoma is long and filamentous, the head is distinctly prognathous, and the second antennal segment is swollen. Aside from the swollen antennae, these characteristics are similar to the condition seen in Plagiognathidea, and we suggest further comparison of these two genera should be undertaken. Schuh (1974) suggested that Plagiognathidea might be related to Platyscytus from the New World tropics on the basis of the filamentous endosoma. We leave Anapsallus (and Plagiognathidea) in the Phylina for lack of any evidence for its placement in another tribal-level grouping.

Ancoraphylus Weirauch, 2007: see Semiini, Exocarpocorina

Angelopsallus Schuh, 2006: see Phylini, Oncotylina

Anomalocornis Carvalho and Wygodzinsky, 1945, incertae sedis (Neotropical: Amazonia; 7 spp.)

The diagnosis for this taxon includes the second antennal segment in the male being folded basally and doubled back on itself, whereas it is of typical structure in the female (Couturier and Costa, 2002). Seven species are currently included in the genus; those for which host information is available are documented as feeding on palms (Costa and Couturier, 2012). We have placed Anomalocornis as incertae sedis within Phylina for lack of information to allow for a more informed placement of the taxon within the classification of the Phylinae. Carvalho (1984) described the new genus Arlemiris with a single included species. Based on the structure of the male genitalia as illustrated by Carvalho, we judge Arlemiris to be closely related to Anomalocornis, or possibly synonymous with it.

Anonychiella Reuter, 1912: see Exaeretini

Antepia Seidenstücker, 1962: see Phylini, Oncotylina

Aphaenophyes Reuter, 1899: see Exaeretini

Araucanophylus Carvalho, 1984: see Semiini, Exocarpocorina

Arctostaphylocoris Schuh and Schwartz, 2004: see Nasocorini

Arizonapsallus Schuh, 2006: see Phylini, Oncotylina

Arlemiris Carvalho, 1984, incertae sedis (Neotropical: Amazonia; 1 sp.)

See discussion under Anomalocornis, Phylina.

Asciodema Reuter, 1878: see Phylini, Oncotylina

Atomophora Reuter, 1879: see Nasocorini

Atomoscelis Reuter, 1875: see Nasocorini

Atractotomimus Kiritshenko, 1952: see Exaeretini

Atractotomoidea Yasunaga, 1999: see Nasocorini

Atractotomus Fieber, 1858: see Nasocorini

Auchenocrepis Fieber, 1858: see Exaeretini

Aurantiocoris Schuh and Schwartz, 2004: see Decomiini

Austropsallus Schuh, 1974: see Cremnorrhini, Coatonocapsini

Badezorus Distant, 1910: see Nasocorini

Basileobius Eyles and Schuh, 2003: see Semiini, Exocarpocorina

Beckocoris Knight, 1968: see Nasocorini

Bergmiris Carvalho, 1984: see Nasocorini

Bicurvicoris Carvalho and Schaffner, 1973, incertae sedis (Neotropical: Southern Mexico; 1 sp.)

We place this taxon as incertae sedis in the Phylina until such time as specimens can be examined to provide a more in-depth assessment of its placement in the overall classification.

Bisulcopsallus Schuh, 2006: see Phylini, Oncotylina

Boopidocoris Reuter, 1879: see Nasocorini

Botocudomiris Carvalho, 1979, incertae sedis (Neotropical: Brazil; 1 sp.)

This taxon derives its name from the apparently ventrally elongate clypeus. In the absence of any persuasive evidence for its tribal placement, we leave Botocudomiris incertae sedis in the Phylina.

Brachyarthrum Fieber, 1858: see Phylini, Oncotylaria

Brachyceratocoris Knight, 1968: see Cremnorrhini, Cremnorrhina

Brachycranella Reuter, 1905, incertae sedis (Ethiopian: Namibia; 1 sp.)

This genus was described on the basis of a single female. The green spots on the hemelytra are easily seen in the dorsal and ventral photographs of the holotype of the type species deposited in the Swedish Museum of Natural History, as are the long black tibial spines with black bases. Examination of additional specimens and male genitalia will help to refine the placement of this taxon.

Caiganga Carvalho and Becker, 1957: see Nasocorini

Calidroides Schwartz, 2005: see Cremnorrhini, Cremnorrhina

Camptotylidea Wagner, 1957: see Nasocorini

Camptotylus Fieber, 1860: see Exaeretini

Camptozorus Kerzhner, 1996: see Exaeretini

Campylomma Reuter, 1878: see Nasocorini

Capecapsus Schuh, 1974: see Cremnorrhini, Coatonocapsina

Cariniocoris T. Henry, 1989: see Phylini, Oncotylina

Ceratopsallus Schuh, 2006: see Phylini, Oncotylina

Cercocarpopsallus Schuh, 2006: see Phylini, Oncotylina

Chiloephylus Carvalho, 1984: see Semiini, Exocarpocorina

Chinacapsus Wagner, 1961: see Nasocorini

Chlamydatus Curtis, 1833: see Nasocorini

Chlamyopsallus Schwartz, 2005: see Nasocorini

Chlorillus Kerzhner, 1962: see Phylini, Oncotylina

Chrysochnoodes Reuter, 1901: see Exaeretini

Coatonocapsus Schuh, 1974: see Cremnorrhini, Coatonocapsina

Compsidolon Reuter, 1899: Phylini, Oncotylina

Compsonannus Reuter, 1902: see Exaeretini

Conostethus Fieber, 1858, incertae sedis (Holarctic; 9 spp.)

Matocq (1991) presented the most up-to-date review of the Palearctic members of this genus, with illustrations of the male genitalia and habitus that conform to the structure also seen in Conostethus americanus Knight, the single New World species. Available data suggest that Conostethus americanus is a grass feeder (see Wheeler, 2001). Data for the Palearctic are ambiguous, although general habitat information suggests grass feeding, as for example, their being collected on coastal dunes (Matocq, 1991). The grass-feeding habits might suggest a relationship with Amblytylus and Lopus, but the head structure is unlike that of members of the Cremnorrhina; the long, slender claws with tiny pulvilli are similar in structure to those of taxa we place in the Exaeretini. For the moment we place Conostethus as incertae sedis in the Phylina for lack of any clear-cut information to place it in any other tribal grouping.

Coquillettia Uhler, 1890: see Cremnorrhini, Cremnorrhina

Crassicornus Carvalho, 1945, incertae sedis (Neotropical; 8 spp.)

See comments under Platyscytus.

Crassomiris Weirauch, 2006b: see Phylini, Oncotylina

Cremnorrhinus Reuter, 1880: see Cremnorrhini, Cremnorrhina

Criocoris Fieber, 1858: see Semiini, Semiina

Cyrtodiridius Eyles and Schuh, 2003: see Semiini, Exocarpocorina

Dacota Uhler, 1872: see Cremnorrhini, Cremnorrhina

Damioscea Reuter, 1883: see Phylini, Oncotylina

Darectagela Linnavuori, 1975, incertae sedis (Palearctic: Somalia; 1 sp.)

We tentatively place this taxon in the Phylina pending examination of specimens.

Darfuromma Linnavuori, 1975, incertae sedis (Ethiopian: Sudan, Nigeria; 1 sp.)

We place this taxon as incertae sedis in the Phylina pending a more critical analysis, including the examination of specimens. The illustrations and comments of Linnavuori (1975) indicate that the structure of the endosoma in Darfuromma is novel, being “unusually short and straight, broadening apicad, gonopore far from apex in the basal part” (see also discussion under Nubaia).

Dasycapsus Poppius, 1912: see Phylini, Oncotylina

Decomia Poppius, 1915: see Decomiini

Decomioides Schuh, 1984: see Decomiini

Denticulophallus Schuh, 1974: see Cremnorrhini, Cremnorrhina

Dignaia Linnavuori, 1975, incertae sedis (Palearctic: Sudan; 1 sp.)

We place this taxon as incertae sedis in the Phylina pending a more critical analysis, including the examination of specimens and the male genitalia. The illustrations of Linnavuori (1975) do not include the endosoma, making placement of the taxon more problematic.

Dilatops Weirauch, 2006: see Pilophorini

Dominiquella Linnavuori, 1983, incertae sedis (Ethiopian: Senegal; 1 sp.)

Linnavuori (1983) placed this taxon in what he referred to as the Paramixia (= Sthenaridea) group (see also comments under Chinacapsus, Nasocorini), an artificial assemblage of taxa because of the inclusion of Sthenaridea, a member of the Pilophorini. This placement may indicate a relationship between Dominiquella and Chinacapsus, among other genera. The data of Menard et al. (2013) are insufficient to determine whether taxa such as Chinacapsus and Dominiquella, which share weakly fleshy recurved parempodia with Moissonia (included as Ellenia by Linnavuori, 1983), are actually closely related. We therefore place Dominiquella as incertae sedis within the Phylina.

Ectagela Schmidt, K., 1939, incertae sedis (Palearctic/Ethiopian; 20 spp.)

Wagner (1969) erected the new tribe Ectagelini for the reception of this speciose taxon that ranges from northern Africa to Iran, because the novel structure of the male genitalia did not associate it with any recognized groupings. Most subsequent authors have not adopted this aspect of Wagner’s classification. There is little doubt that the structure of the endosoma in Ectagela is distinctive, as illustrated for many species by Linnavuori (1975, 1993a), but this does not help to place the taxon in the classification of the Phylinae more broadly. No authors have commented on what the nearest relatives of Ectagela might be, and we therefore treat it as incertae sedis within the Phylina until additional information becomes available.

Ellacapsus Yasunaga, 2013, incertae sedis (Oriental: Thailand; 1 sp.)

We follow Yasunaga (2013) in placing this taxon in the Phylina, because data are insufficient to make a more informed disposition within phyline classification. The flat, scalelike setae might suggest placement in the Nasocorini, but that seems to be negated by the structure of the endosoma, which is more like that seen in the Keltoniina. The enlarged and flattened second antennal segment seems of little use in placing the taxon.

Eminoculus Schuh, 1974: see Hallodapini

Ephippiocoris Poppius, 1912: see Leucophoropterini, Tuxedoina

Eremophylus Yasunaga, 2001, incertae sedis (Palearctic: Japan; 1 sp.)

In his description of this taxon Yasunaga (2001) indicated that there were no known close relatives. We therefore place Eremophylus as incertae sedis within the Phylini, Phylina.

Euderon Puton, 1888: see Cremnorrhini, Cremnorrhina

Eumecotarsus Kerzhner, 1962: see Exaeretini

Europiella Reuter, 1909: see Phylini, Oncotylina

Eurycolpus Reuter, 1875: see Phylini, Oncotylina

Eurycranella Reuter, 1904: see Exaeretini

Excentricoris Carvalho, 1955: see Cremnorrhini, Cremnorrhina

Exocarpocoris Weirauch, 2007: see Semiini, Exocarpocorina

Farsiana Linnavuori, 1998, incertae sedis (Palearctic: Iran; 1 sp.)

As part of his description Linnavuori (1998) illustrated the novel endosoma of this monotypic taxon from Iran. We place Farsiana as incertae sedis within Phylina until such time as additional information becomes available to refine its placement in the overall classification of the Phylinae.

Frotaphylus Carvalho, 1984: see Exaeretini

Galbinocoris Weirauch, 2006: see Phylini, Oncotylina

Gediocoris Wagner, 1964 (Palearctic: North Africa, Arabian Peninsula; 3 spp.)

The endosoma in this taxon bears a prominent apical spine. We tentatively place Gediocoris in the Phylina in the absence of information to make a more refined tribal-level association.

Ghazalocoris Linnavuori, 1975, incertae sedis (Ethiopian: Sub-Saharan; 1 sp.)

We place this taxon as incertae sedis in the Phylina pending a more critical analysis, including the examination of specimens and details of the male genitalia.

Glaucopterum Wagner, 1963: see Nasocorini

Gonoporomiris Henry and Schuh, 2002: see Exaeretini

Gonzalezinus Carvalho, 1981: see Semiini, Exocarpocorina

Gressittocapsus Schuh, 1984, incertae sedis (Oriental: New Guinea; 1 sp.)

Schuh (1984) placed this taxon in the Phylini. He noted that it was distinctive within the Phylinae because of its rugulose dorsum and the unusual structure of the male genitalia. We have placed Gressittocapsus as incertae sedis because there is no clear way to relate it to any other described genera.

Guentherocoris Schuh and Schwartz, 2004: see Cremnorrhini, Cremnorrhina

Hadrophyes Puton, 1874: see Exaeretini

Halormus Eyles and Schuh, 2003: see Semiini, Exocarpocorina

Hamatophylus Weirauch, 2006: see Phylini, Oncotylina

Hambletoniola Carvalho, 1954: see Nasocorini

Harpagophylus Schuh and Weirauch, 2010: see Semiini, Exocarpocorina

Harpocera Curtis, 1838: see Cremnorrhini, Cremnorrhina

Helenocoris Schmitz, 1976: see Nasocorini

Heterocapillus Wagner, 1960: see Cremnorrhini, Coatonocapsina

Hirtopsallus Schmitz, 1976: see Nasocorini

Hoplomachidea Reuter, 1909: see Semiini, Semiina

Hoplomachus Fieber, 1858: see Phylini, Oncotylina

Hyalopsallus Carvalho and Schaffner, 1973: see Exaeretini

Icodema Reuter, 1875 (Western Palearctic; 1 sp.)

We have placed this genus in the Phylina based on some similarities in the structure of the endosoma to Psallus spp. This placement suggests that Icodema is not closely related to Americodema Henry, Occidentodema Henry, and Lineatopsallus as the contrasting black stripes on the antennae and femora might suggest (see also discussion in Henry, 1991, 1999).

Ifephylus Linnavuori, 1993a: see Hallodapini

Indatractus Linnavuori, 1975, incertae sedis (Palearctic: Eritrea, Saudi Arabia; 2 spp.)

Linnavuori (1975) related this taxon to Atractotomus based on the shape of the head and presumably by the fact that the second antennal segment is swollen. We place Indatractus as incertae sedis within Phylina pending additional information to refine its placement in the overall classification of the Phylinae.

Insulaphylus Weirauch, 2006a: see Phylini, Oncotylina

Insulopus Schmitz, 1976: see Nasocorini

Izyaius Schwartz, 2006, incertae sedis (Eastern Nearctic; 1 sp.)

This taxon was erected by Schwartz (2006) to accommodate I. sericeus (Heidemann), a species previously placed in Plesiodema. Schwartz (2006) illustrated and described the male genitalia for Izyaius, indicating that the structure was such that no existing genus could accommodate this taxon; he also provided scanning electron micrographs, illustrated female genitalic structure, and provided host information. Further study will be needed to provide a more nuanced placement of Izyaius, and we therefore treat it as incertae sedis within Phylina.

Jiwarli Soto and Weirauch, 2009: see Semiini, Exocarpocorina

Josifovius Konstantinov, 2008: see Phylini, Oncotylina

Juniperia Linnavuori, 1965, incertae sedis (Palearctic: Turkey; 1 sp.)

We place this taxon as incertae sedis within the Phylina for lack of the necessary information to place it more accurately in one of the other tribes that we recognize.

Karocris V. Putshkov, 1975: see Nasocorini

Karoocapsus Schuh, 1974: see Semiini, Semiina

Kasumiphylus Schwartz and Stonedahl, 2004: see Nasocorini

Keltonia Knight, 1966: see Phylini, Keltoniina

Kmentophylus Duwal, Yasunaga, and Lee, 2010: see Phylini, Oncotylina

Knightensis Schaffner, 1978, incertae sedis (Nearctic: Southern Mexico; 1 sp.)

This taxon has the appearance of some genera we place in the Nasocorini. The endosoma is slender and tubular and more like taxa we place in the Semiina. We recommend additional study to determine the proper position of Knightensis.

Knightomiroides Stonedahl and Schwartz, 1996: see Nasocorini

Knightophylinia Schaffner, 1978: see Phylini, Oncotylina

Knightopiella Schuh, 2004: see Phylini, Oncotylina

Knightopsallus Schuh, 2006: see Phylini, Oncotylina

Lalyocoris Linnavuori, 1993a, incertae sedis (Ethiopian: East Africa; 1 sp.)

Lalyocoris minutissimus (Linnavuori, 1975) was placed in Pilophorus Hahn at the time of its original description. Schuh (1989) treated the taxon as incertae sedis within Pilophorus. Linnavuori (1993a) moved the species to the new genus Lalyocoris and placed it in the Phylini because it had setiform parempodia, had a distinct secondary gonopore (based on his observations), and did not have an evaginated posterior wall in the female. Because of ambiguity in interpretation of the character complement of the minute specimens belonging to this taxon, we place it as incertae sedis in the Phylina, with the recognition that this is only a placement of convenience, not one indicating relationship.

Lamprosthenarus Poppius, 1914: see Nasocorini

Larinocerus Froeschner, 1965: see Nasocorini

Lasiolabopella Schuh, 1974, incertae sedis (Ethiopian: South Africa; 1 sp.)

Schuh and Wu (2009) used this taxon as an outgroup in their phylogenetic analysis of Eminoculus. The rationale for that decision was apparently based on the presumed similarity of structure of the endosoma in the two genera and the weakly stylate eyes. The analysis of Menard et al. (2013) indicates that Eminoculus is allied to the Hallodapini, an association supported by the presence of a pronotal collar in all but one species. The pronotal collar is absent in Lasiolabopella as are most other attributes of Eminoculus. Until additional analytical studies are undertaken, we place Lasiolabopella as incertae sedis in the Phylina.

Lasiolabops Poppius, 1914: see Pilophorini

Lattinophylus Schuh, 2008: see Nasocorini

Leaina Linnavuori, 1974: see Halladapini

Lepidargyrus Muminov, 1962 (Palearctic; 14 spp.)

Superficially this taxon is easily confused with species of Oligotylus Van Duzee, some Plagiognathus spp., and Psallus sensu stricto, on the basis of the large size, woolly pubescence, and frequently dark coloration in all three genera. Indeed, many species of the genus were placed in Psallus (Apocremnus) by Wagner (1975) and other authors, on the basis of their superficial appearance to true Psallus spp. We place Lepidargyrus in the Phylina on the basis of the relatively simple endosoma, with a single apical projection as is usually seen in Psallus spp. One species, L. ancorifer (Fieber) is introduced into North America.

Lepidocapsus Poppius, 1914, incertae sedis (Ethiopian; 2 spp.)

This taxon was originally based on a species from East Africa. Schuh (1974) subsequently described a species from the Western Cape region of South Africa; both have a terete second antennal segment. Absent SEM examination, the scalelike setae appear lanceolate and similar to those seen in the Pilophorina. Nonetheless, the structure of the pretarsus and the male genitalia are unlike anything seen in Pilophorina. We place Lepidocapsus as incertae sedis in the Phylina until such time as further studies of this taxon are undertaken.

Leptidolon Reuter, 1904: see Semiini, Exocarpocorina

Leptoxanthus Reuter, 1905, incertae sedis (Ethiopian: Namibia; 1 sp.)

The type female, the only known specimen of this taxon is deposited in the Swedish Museum of Natural History, according to the website of that institution. Because the placement of the taxon cannot be determined from examination of the Web-based photographs or the original description, we place Leptoxanthus as incertae sedis until additional studies of this taxon, including male specimens, are conducted.

Leucodellus Reuter, 1906: see Phylini, Oncotylina

Leucophylus Duwal, Yasunaga, and Lee, 2010: see Phylini, Oncotylina

Leutiola Wyniger, 2012: see Cremnorrhini, Cremnorrhina

Lindbergopsallus Wagner, 1962: see Nasocorini

Lineatopsallus T. Henry, 1991: see Phylini, Oncotylina

Litoxenus Reuter, 1885: see Phylini, Oncotylina

Liviopsallus Carapezza, 1982 (Palearctic: Sicily; 1 sp.)

This taxon was related to the Cephalocapsus group of Wagner by Carapezza (1982) because of the apparent similarity of pretarsal structure, including fleshy parempodia. Nonetheless, the endosoma is of a type similar to that seen in Psallus sensu stricto. We believe the relationships of Liviopsallus could benefit from further enquiry (see also comments under Chinacapsus, Nasocorini).

Lopidodenus V. Putshkov, 1974: see Cremnorrhini, Cremnorrhina

Lopsallus Schmitz, 1976: see Nasocorini

Lopus Hahn, 1833: see Cremnorrhini, Cremnorrhina

Macrotylus Fieber, 1858: see Cremnorrhini, Cremnorrhina

Maculamiris Weirauch, 2006a: see Phylini, Oncotylina

Malacotes Reuter, 1878: see Phylini, Oncotylina

Malaysiamiris Schuh, 1984: see Decomiini

Malaysiamiroides Schuh, 1984: see Decomiini

Marrubiocoris Wagner, 1970: see Phylini, Oncotylina

Maurodactylus Reuter, 1878: see Nasocorini

Mecenopa Eyles and Schuh, 2003: see Semiini, Exocarpocorina

Megalocoleus Reuter, 1890: see Phylini, Oncotylina

Megalodactylus Fieber, 1858: see Exaeretini

Megalopsallus Knight, 1927: see Nasocorini

Melaleucoides Schuh and Weirauch, 2010: see Semiini, Exocarpocorina

Mendozaphylus Carvalho and Carpintero, 1991, incertae sedis (Neotropical: Argentina; 1 sp.)

This taxon was placed in the Hallodapini by its authors. They compared it solely with Tuxenella Carvalho (Orthotylinae), with the admission that this was a comparison based only on similarity of appearance and not an indicator of relationship. This placement was rejected by Kerzhner and Schuh (1995) and Schuh (1995), who placed Mendozaphylus in the Phylini because they did not believe any true Hallodapini were known from South America and because Mendozaphylus did not have male genitalia of the distinctive form seen in many Hallodapini. Mendozaphylus mendocinus Carvalho and Carpintero, as illustrated by its authors, does have a pronotal collar, but one that is not typical of the type found in the Hallodapini. The rather simple endosoma illustrated by Carvalho and Carpinteiro (1991) suggests that Mendozaphylus might equally be related to the Leucophoropterini as opposed to the Hallodapini. Because this paper is not designed to conduct additional specimen examinations, we retain Mendozaphylus incertae sedis within Phylina until such type as additional information regarding its placement becomes available.

Millerimiris Carvalho, 1951, incertae sedis (Ethiopian: Central Africa; 1 sp.)

Schuh (1974) moved this genus to the Phylini from the Orthotylini, where Carvalho had placed it at the time of its description. Linnavuori (1975) independently also placed Millerimiris in the Phylini. The taxon is unique with the Phylinae in possessing a heavily punctate dorsum. There is insufficient information available at present to make a credible tribal assignment.

Mixtecamiris Carvalho and Schaffner, 1973, incertae sedis (Nearctic: Central Mexico; 1 sp.)

Mixtecamiris was originally placed in the Orthotylini because of the fleshy recurved parempodia. The male genitalia are nonetheless of the Phylinae type. Existing knowledge does not allow a more precise tribal placement of Mixtecamiris, so we leave the taxon in the Phylina as incertae sedis.

Moiseevichia Schuh, 2006: see Phylini, Oncotylina

Moissonia Reuter, 1894: see Exaeretini

Monocris V. Putshkov, 1974: see Semiini, Semiina

Monospatha Eyles and Schuh, 2003: see Semiini, Exocarpocorina

Monosynamma J. Scott, 1864: see Nasocorini

Myrmicopsella Poppius, 1914: see Semiini, Semiina

Nanopsallus Wagner, 1952: see Phylini, Oncotylina

Naresthus Schmitz, 1976: see Nasocorini

Nasocoris Reuter, 1879: see Nasocorini

Natalophylus Schuh, 1974, incertae sedis (Ethiopian: South Africa; 1 sp.)

This taxon was described on the basis of it superficial similarity to Phylus. Further study may help to clarify the position of this taxon, but for the moment we place it incertae sedis within Phylina.

Neisopsallus Schmitz, 1976: see Nasocorini

Neophylus Carvalho and Costa, 1992: see Nasocorini

Neopsallus Schuh and Schwartz, 2004: see Phylini, Oncotylina

Nevadocoris Knight, 1968: see Nasocorini

Nicholia Knight, 1929: see Semiini, Semiina

Nigrimiris Carvalho and Schaffner, 1973: see Nasocorini

Nigrocapillocoris Wagner, 1973: see Nasocorini

Nubaia Linnavuori, 1975, incertae sedis (Palearctic: Sudan; 1 sp.)

This taxon was originally described on the basis of a single female specimen. Linnavuori (1975) related Nubaia to Lindbergopsallus and Dominiquella and later to Darfuromma (Linnavuori, 1993a), presumably because of the weakly fleshy parempodia. Linnavuori’s (1993a) illustrations of the short stout endosoma in Nubaia and Darfuromma would seem to indicate a close relationship between these two taxa, although the endosoma in Lindbergopsallus is quite different in structure and we have placed that taxon in the Nasocorini in view of its apparent close relationship to Chinacapsus. See also comments under Chinacapsus.

Occidentodema T. Henry, 1999: see Phylini, Oncotylina

Oligobiella Reuter, 1885: see Nasocorini

Oligotylus Van Duzee, 1916: see Phylini, Oncotylina

Omocoris Lindberg, 1930: see Phylini, Oncotylina

Oncotylidea Wagner, 1965: see Phylini, Oncotylina

Oncotylus Fieber, 1858: see Phylini, Oncotylina

Opisthotaenia Reuter, 1901: see Phylini, Oncotylina

Opuna Kirkaldy, 1902: see Exaeretini

Oreocapsus Linnavuori, 1975: see Phylini, Oncotylina

Orthonotus Stephens, 1829 (Palearctic; 22 spp.)

Wagner (1975) placed Orthonotus in the Phylus group of genera. Although the very strong sexual dimorphism in some species might suggest distinctness from the morphologically monotonous Phylus, there is a strong resemblance between macropterous forms in the two genera. We therefore maintain Orthonotus in the Phylina.

Orthopidea Reuter, 1899: see Nasocorini

Pachyxyphus Fieber, 1858: see Cremnorrhini, Cremnorrhina

Parachlorillus Wagner, 1963: see Phylini, Oncotylina

Parafulvius Carvalho, 1954, incertae sedis (Neotropical: Amazonia; 4 spp.)

At the time of its original description, Carvalho (1954) placed this taxon in the Cylapinae: Fulviini; he compared its general appearance with that of Amblytylus (Phylini). Schuh (1974) subsequently moved Parafulvius to the Phylini. More recently Costa and Couturier (2000) documented a new species of Parafulvius as feeding on the inflorescences of palms in the Amazon. As did Carvalho (1954) and Schuh (1974), those authors compared the taxon with Amblytylus. It is our conclusion that comparison of Parafulvius with Alvarengamiris may be more productive. Both groups are known to feed on palm inflorescences, both have somewhat flattened bodies, anteriorly projecting heads, an elongate labium reaching well onto the abdomen, and elongate claws without obvious pulvilli (Costa and Couturier, 2002, for Alvarengamiris; Costa and Couturier, 2000, for Parafulvius; personal obs.). The available illustrations of the male genitalia are more difficult to compare but do not preclude the recognition of similarities in the structure of the endosoma and the left paramere. See also discussion under Alvarengamiris.

Paralopus Wagner, 1957: see Cremnorrhini, Cremnorrhina

Parapseudosthenarus Schuh, 1974: see Semiini, Semiina

Parasciodema Poppius, 1914: see Semiini, Coatonocapsina

Paravoruchia Wagner, 1959 (Palearctic: Greece; 1 sp.)

The structure of the endosoma in this taxon is consistent with its placement in the Phylus group.

Paredrocoris Reuter, 1878: see Phylini, Oncotylina

Pastocoris Reuter, 1879: see Exaeretini

Phaeochiton Kerzhner, 1964: see Phylini, Oncotylina

Phallospinophylus Weirauch, 2006b: see Phylini, Oncotylina

Phaxia Kerzhner, 1984: see Nasocorini

Phoenicocoris Reuter, 1875: see Nasocorini

Phyllopidea Knight, 1919: see Phylini, Oncotylina

*Phylus Hahn, 1831 (Palearctic; 8 spp.)

Phymatopsallus Knight, 1964: see Phylini, Oncotylina

Piceophylus Schwartz and Schuh, 1999: see Phylini, Oncotylina

Pimeleocoris Eyles and Schuh, 2003: see Semiini, Exocarpocorina

Pinomiris Stonedahl and Schwartz, 1996: see Nasocorini

Pinophylus Schwartz and Schuh, 1999: see Phylini, Oncotylina

Placochilus Fieber, 1858: see Phylini, Oncotylina

Plagiognathidea Poppius, 1914, incertae sedis (Ethiopian; 5 spp.)

See comments under Anapsallus, Phylini, Phylina.

Plagiognathus Fieber, 1858: see Phylini, Oncotylina

Platyscytisca Costa and Henry, 1999, incertae sedis (Neotropical: Brazil; 2 spp.)

See discussion under Platyscytus.

Platyscytus Reuter, 1907, incertae sedis (Neotropical; 21 spp.)

This taxon has the superficial appearance of members of the Zanchius complex of genera (Orthotylinae), with a delicate, pale body often ornamented with some bright-colored spots. The endosoma of species currently placed in Platyscytus is often very long and coiled, a condition seen elsewhere only in Bisulcopsallus (Phylini: Oncotylina). Nonetheless, Platyscytus does not possess attributes used by Schuh (2006a) to assign genera, including Bisulcopsallus, to the Phymatopsallus group of genera. On the basis of general appearance, the exserted dorsoventrally elongate head, protuberant eyes, and distribution in the Neotropics, we suggest that Platyscytus is most closely related to Amazonophilus, Crassicornus, and Platyscytisca. Although this assertion in part contradicts the conclusions of Costa and Henry (1999) with regard to Platyscytisca, we agree that these taxa are in need of revision. We have retained all three genera as incertae sedis within Phylini, because of a lack of information to make a better-informed tribal placement.

Plesiodema Reuter, 1875: see Phylini, Oncotylina

Pleuroxonotus Reuter, 1903: see Phylini, Oncotylina

Polyozus Eyles and Schuh, 2003: see Semiini, Exocarpocorina

Porophoroptera Carvalho and Gross, 1982, incertae sedis (Australian; 1 sp.)

Available information on this taxon leaves its relationship to other genera of Phylinae unclear, especially in regard to the endosoma which is nearly rectangular in shape and dissimilar to any other known genera of Phylinae. For this reason we place it as incertae sedis in the Phylina, as was done by Menard and Schuh (2011).

Pronototropis Reuter, 1879: see Phylini, Oncotylina

Pruneocoris Schuh and Schwartz, 2004: see Nasocorini

Psallodema V. Putshkov, 1970: see Phylini, Oncotylina

Psallomimus Wagner, 1951: see Nasocorini

Psallomorpha Duwal, Yasunaga, and Lee, 2010: see Phylini, Oncotylina

Psallopsis Reuter, 1901: see Exaeretini

Psallovius Henry, T., 1999: see Phylini, Oncotylina

*Psallus Fieber, 1858 (Holarctic; 151 spp.)

Most classifications of Psallus have included a number of subgenera. There is little reason to believe that these species groupings are tied together by characters other than the form of the vestiture. Until a more detailed analysis of Psallus sensu lato is published we refrain from introducing additional taxonomic decisions, but assert that we have little confidence in the monophyly of a broadly conceived Psallus, especially if that concept fails to consider the validity of Sthenarus.

Pseudatomoscelis Poppius, 1911: see Cremnorrhini, Keltoniina

Pseudophylus Yasunaga, 1999: see Leucophoropterini, Tuxedoina

Pseudosthenarus Poppius, 1914: see Semiini, Semiina

Pygovepres Weirauch, 2006b: see Phylini, Oncotylina

Quercophylus Weirauch, 2006b: see Phylini, Oncotylina

Quernocoris Weirauch, 2006a: see Phylini, Oncotylina

Rakula Odhiambo, 1967: see Semiini, Semiina

Ranzovius Distant, 1893: see Phylini, Oncotylina

Reuteroscopus Kirkaldy, 1905: see Phylini, Keltoniina

Rhinacloa Reuter, 1876: see Nasocorini

Rhinocapsus Uhler, 1890: see Phylini, Oncotylina

Roburocoris Weirauch, 2009: see Phylini, Oncotylina

Roudairea Puton and Reuter, 1886, incertae sedis (Palearctic: North Africa to Iran; 4 spp.)

The novel external and genitalic morphological characteristics of this taxon leave in question its placement within the tribes/subtribes recognized in this study. We therefore place it incertae sedis within the Phylina.

Rubellomiris Weirauch, 2006b: see Phylini, Oncotylina

Rubeospineus Weirauch, 2006b: see Phylini, Oncotylina

Rubrocuneocoris Schuh, 1984: see Decomiini

Sacculifer Kerzhner, 1959: see Leucophoropterini, Tuxedoina

Salicarus Kerzhner, 1962: see Nasocorini

Salicopsallus Schuh, 2006: see Phylini, Oncotylina

Sasajiophylus Yasunaga, 2001, incertae sedis (Palearctic: Japan; 1 sp.)

Like Yasunaga (2001), we have insufficient information at the present time to make a definitive assessment of the relationships of this taxon. We therefore place it in the Phylina.

Schaffneropsallus Schuh, 2006: see Phylini, Oncotylina

Schuhistes Menard, 2010: see Cremnorrhini, Coatonocapsina

Semium Reuter, 1876: see Semiini, Semiina

Shendina Linnavuori, 1975: see Cremnorrhini, Cremnorrhina

Solenoxyphus Reuter, 1875: see Nasocorini

Somalocoris Linnavuori, 1975, incertae sedis (Palearctic: Somalia; 1 sp.)

This monotypic taxon from Somalia is placed incertae sedis in the Phylina because at the present time no characters serve to relate it to any other tribal-level grouping.

Spanagonicus Berg, 1883: see Nasocorini

Squamophylus Carvalho and Costa, 1992: see Nasocorini

Stenoparia Fieber, 1870: see Phylini, Oncotylina

Sthenaropsidea Henry and Schuh, 2002: see Phylini, Oncotylina

Sthenaropsis Poppius, 1912: see Nasocorini

Sthenarus Fieber, 1858 (Palearctic; 2 spp., 2 extralimital)

We associate this nominal genus with Psallus because of the great structural similarity of the endosoma with that of Psallus sensu stricto spp. We note that two of the species currently residing in Sthenarus, from Texas and Australia, are placed there simply because the classical taxon served as a dumping ground and are in need of reexamination to determine their genus of proper placement.

Stibaromma Odhiambo, 1961, incertae sedis (Ethiopian: Central Africa; 1 sp.)

This taxon was compared with Cephalocapsus Poppius and Schroederiella Poppius by Odhiambo (1961) on the basis of the fleshy parempodia. Both of those genera are junior synonyms of Sthenaridea (Pilophorini). The endosoma of Stibaromma as illustrated by Odhiambo (1961) cannot belong to Sthenaridea because it possesses a sclerotized secondary gonopore. Odhiambo (1961) also compared Stibaromma with Criocoris and Psallus, comparisons we consider meaningless in the context of our present knowledge of the Phylinae. Linnavuori (1993a) placed Stibaromma adjacent to Millerimiris, Waupsallus, and Moissonia, presumably on the basis of parempodial structure, but otherwise there would seem to be no relationship. Because of the ambiguous nature of these comparisons we leave Stibaromma as incertae sedis within Phylina.

Stictopsallus Schuh, 2006: see Phylini, Oncotylina

Stirophylus Eckerlein and Wagner, 1965: see Phylini, Oncotylina

Stoebea Schuh, 1974: see Phylini, Oncotylina

Strophopoda Van Duzee, 1916: see Pronotocrepini, Cremnorrhina

Taeniophorus Linnavuori, 1952: see Nasocorini

Tannerocoris Knight, 1970: see Nasocorini

Tapirula Carapezza, 1997: see Leucophoropterini, Tuxedoina

Tapuruyunus Carvalho, 1946: see Nasocorini

Thermocoris Puton, 1875: see Phylini, Oncotylina

Thoth Linnavuori, 1993a: see Semiini, Semiina

Thryptomenomiris Schuh and Weirauch, 2010: see Semiini, Exocarpocorina

Thymopsallus Linnavuori, 1975: see Nasocorini

Tibiopilus Carvalho and Costa, 1993, incertae sedis (Neotropical: Amazonia; 1 sp.)

This taxon was placed in the Hallodapini by Carvalho and Costa, presumably because they interpreted the anterior pronotal margin as being in the form of a depressed collar. Kerzhner and Schuh (1995) did not accept this placement, in part because no other credible representatives of the Hallodapini were known from the Neotropics. We therefore treat the taxon as incertae sedis within Phylini in the absence of further information and analysis concerning its tribal-level placement.

Ticua Wyniger, 2012: see Cremnorrhini, Cremnorrhina

Tijucaphylus Carvalho and Costa, 1992: see Nasocorini

Tinicephalus Fieber, 1858: see Phylini, Oncotylina

Tragiscocoris Fieber, 1861: see Phylini, Oncotylina

Trevessa China, 1924, incertae sedis (Indian Ocean: Rodriguez Island; 1 sp.)

This taxon was described on the basis of two female specimens. It has received no subsequent study and no males have become available. We therefore place the taxon in the Phylina as incertae sedis.

Tunisiella Carapezza, 1997: see Nasocorini

Tuponia Reuter, 1875: see Exaeretini

Tuxedo Schuh, 2001: see Leucophoropterini, Tuxedoina

Tytthus Fieber, 1864: see Semiini, Semiina

Utopnia Reuter, 1881: see Cremnorrhini, Cremnorrhina

Vanduzeephylus Schuh and Schwartz, 2004: see Phylini, Oncotylina

Vesperocoris Weirauch, 2006a: see Phylini, Oncotylina

Villaverdea Carvalho, 1990, incertae sedis (Neotropical: Coastal Peru; 1 sp.)

This taxon possesses no obviously distinctive features, a situation that leaves its placement obscure. It is possible that Villaverdea bears a relationship to Reuteroscopus, but establishing that connection will require work that is beyond the scope of this paper.

Viscacoris Weirauch, 2009: see Phylini, Oncotylina

Voruchia Reuter, 1879: see Nasocorini

Voruchiella Poppius, 1912: see Exaeretini

Wallabicoris Schuh and Pedraza, 2010: see Semiini, Exocarpocorina

Waupsallus Linnavuori, 1975: see Phylini, Keltoniina

Widdringtoniola Schuh, 1974, incertae sedis (Ethiopian: South Africa; 1 sp.)

The taxon was described by Schuh (1974) as occurring on Widdringtonia, a native South African member of the Cupressaceae. The single known small species has no distinctive features that allow it to be easily allied with any of the tribes/subtribe we recognize. We therefore place it incertae sedis in the Phylina.

Xiphoidellus Weirauch and Schuh, 2011: see Semiini, Exocarpocorina

Xiphoides Eyles and Schuh, 2003: see Semiini, Exocarpocorina

Yotvata Linnavuori, 1964: see Exaeretini

Zakanocoris V. Putshkov, 1970 (Palearctic: South Russian, Iran; 1 sp.)

This taxon was recorded as feeding on Acer (Aceraceae) from Stavropol, Russia, by Putschkov and later from Iran by Linnavuori (2010). The structure of the male genitalia is of the Psallus sensu stricto type (F. Konstantinov, personal commun.) and we therefore maintain the placement of this taxon in the Phylini, Phylina.

Zanchiophylus Duwal, Yasunaga, and Lee, 2010, incertae sedis (Palearctic: Nepal; 1 sp.)

This taxon received its name because of the pale green coloration and the superficial resemblance to Zanchius Distant (Orthotylinae). We find no characteristics that straightforwardly relate Zanchiophylus to any particular tribe and therefore place it incertae sedis in the Phylina.

Zinjolopus Linnavuori, 1975: see Cremnorrhini, Cremnorrhina

Zophocnemis Kerzhner, 1962: see Phylini, Oncotylina

Subtribe Oncotylina Douglas and Scott, 1865 (type genus: Oncotylus Fieber, 1858)

Plagiognathina, Reuter, 1875

Diagnosis: The study of Menard et al. (2013) united the Oncotylina primarily on molecular characters, but this diverse lineage unfortunantely was not united by any morphological synapomorphies. A more intesive morphological study of this grouping will likely reveal diagnostic characters, particularly within the male genitalia.

Discussion: We are using the name Oncotylina, first proposed at the family level by Douglas and Scott (1865). This name has seen little use in the modern literature, except in an informal sense by Wagner (e.g., 1975) as the Oncotylus group. On the basis of priority we are treating Oncotylina as the senior synonym of the also little-used name Plagiognathina (Reuter, 1875). This is the largest assemblage of phyline genera with a distribution restricted almost exclusively to the Holarctic. It is also a group for which Menard et al. (2013) were able to adduce a substantial sample of sequence data.

We have placed all Nearctic genera with small reddish species described by Weirauch (e.g., 2006a, 2006b, 2009) in the Oncotylina because four of these—Hamatophylus, Phallospinophylus, Pygovepres, and Roburocoris—were placed in the group in the combined analysis of Menard et al. (2013). These taxa all have largely overlapping distributions, primarily in the southwestern United States and adjacent Mexico. In spite of the variation in endosomal structure, the general appearance and the sequence data suggest that they are all fairly closely related.

Acrotelus Reuter, 1885 (Palearctic; 8 spp.)

We place this taxon in the Oncotylina because of its similarity of appearance to Oncotylus. The secondary gonopore is located near the apex of the relatively simple endosoma, a structural situation similar to that seen in Dasycapsus. Most species appear to have a single type of pubescence on the dorsum. See also comments under Litoxenus.

Alloeotarsus Reuter, 1885 (Palearctic; Iberian Peninsula; 1 sp.)

We place this taxon in the Oncotylina based on the structural similarity of the endosoma with that of Plagiognathus spp. (Wagner, 1975: fig. 737; Ribes, 1978: figs. 36–40)

Americodema T. Henry, 1999 (Nearctic; 2 spp.)

We have placed this taxon, in conjunction with Cariniocoris Henry and Occidentodema Henry, in the Oncotylina on the basis of a keel on the pygophore, the similarity of structure of the endosoma with that of Plagiognathus, and the fact that sequence data for the related genus Occidentodema place it in the Oncotylina.

Angelopsallus Schuh, 2006 (Western Nearctic: Baja California; 1 sp.)

This taxon was placed in the Phymatopsallus group of genera by Schuh (2006a) and therefore included in the Oncotylina (see Phymatopsallus).

Antepia Seidenstücker, 1962 (Palearctic: Turkey; 1 sp.)

Seidenstücker (1960) placed Antepia in the Oncotylina. Although we are uncertain as to his conception of the subtribe, we tentatively maintain that placement for the genus. The structure of the endosoma is similar to that found in Solenoxyphus and Boopidocoris (see Nasocorini), although larger and without teeth. The minute subapical tooth on the claw may suggest relation to Eurycolpus, which we also place in the Oncotylina. This taxon is said to live on Liliaceae, a host association that may merit further investigation because of the rarity of this association in the Phylinae and most other Miridae.

Arizonapsallus Schuh, 2006 (Southwest Nearctic; 1 sp.)

This taxon was placed in the Phymatopsallus group of genera by Schuh (2006a) and is therefore included in the Oncotylina (see Phymatopsallus).

Asciodema Reuter, 1878 (Palearctic; introduced to Nearctic; 1 sp.)

This taxon is now monotypic, all previously recognized species having been synonymized with the type. The general appearance is similar to that of Amblytylus and some Plagiognathus spp. The male genitalia of A. obsoleta (Fieber) are similar to those of many Compsidolon species, e.g., C. pumilum (Jakovlev), C. parviceps (Wagner); we therefore place Asciodema in the Oncotylina.

Bisulcopsallus Schuh, 2006 (Southwest Nearctic; 7 spp.)

This taxon was placed in the Phymatopsallus group of genera by Schuh (2006a) and is therefore included in the Oncotylina (see Phymatopsallus).

Brachyarthrum Fieber, 1858 (Palearctic; 1 sp.)

This widely distributed taxon has been carried by inertia in the literature without serious study or incorporation into revisionary works; the only illustrations of the male genitalia are from Kerzhner (1988: fig. 52: 20, 21). It has rather short, distinctly lamellate and parallel parempodia of the type seen in Phoenicocoris dissimilis, minute claws strongly bent at the middle with minute pulvilli, and a very long, slender endosoma, somewhat reminiscent of hallodapines or Sthenaridea, but with a bifurcate apex and an apically placed secondary gonopore. The general habitus of Brachyarthrum is that of most any Plagiognathus sp. and we therefore provisionally place Brachyarthrum in the Oncotylina. The hosts are recorded as Populus spp., Chosenia arbutifolia, and several other members of the Salicaceae.

Cariniocoris T. Henry, 1989 (Nearctic; 3 spp.)

See discussion under Americodema.

Ceratopsallus Schuh, 2006 (Western Nearctic; 10 spp.)

This taxon was placed in the Phymatopsallus group of genera by Schuh (2006a) and is therefore included in the Oncotylina (see Phymatopsallus).

Cercocarpopsallus Schuh, 2006 (Western Nearctic; 2 spp.)

This taxon was placed in the Phymatopsallus group of genera by Schuh (2006a) and is therefore included in the Oncotylina (see Phymatopsallus).

Chlorillus Kerzhner, 1962 (Palearctic: Eastern Mediterranean, South Russia; 2 spp.)

The taxon was originally described as a subgenus of Plagiognathus. The taxon has many male genitalic features typical of Phaeochiton and Europiella, including the degree of twisting, closely spaced sclerotized ridges on the lateral strap, two apical blades, location and shape of the secondary gonopore, and the C-shaped sclerotized band. The elongate head, color pattern, vestiture of dorsum, and relatively large, apically free pulvilli are also in accordance with the placement of Chlorillus within Oncotylina.

Compsidolon Reuter, 1899 (Palearctic; 57 spp.)

This genus has a long and varied history concerning its circumscription and division into subgenera. Compsidolon sensu lato is currently not monophyletic and the same seems to be true for three of the four subgenera recognized by Wagner. Additional data are clearly needed to determine the monophyly of the recognized subgenera and to circumscribe a monophyletic group. It would be helpful to have sequence data for a sample of species to test the validity of the placement of Compsidolon within the Oncotylina as well as the monophyly of the group.

Crassomiris Weirauch, 2006b (Western Nearctic; 2 spp.)

See Discussion under Oncotylina.

Damioscea Reuter, 1883 (Palearctic: Southern Russia; 1 sp.)

This taxon was related to Megalocoleus by Linnavuori (1993b) and we therefore place it in the Oncotylina (see also comments under Megalocoleus).

Dasycapsus Poppius, 1912 (Palearctic: North Africa; 3 spp.)

See comments under Megalocoleus.

*Europiella Reuter, 1909 (Holarctic; 31 spp.)

See Schuh (2004b).

Eurycolpus Reuter, 1875 (Palearctic; 5 spp.)

This taxon was related to Oncotylus by Konstantinov (2008a) and we therefore place it in the Oncotylina.

Galbinocoris Weirauch, 2006a (Southwest Nearctic; 1 sp.)

See Discussion under Oncotylina.

Glaucopterum Wagner, 1963 (Palearctic; 23 spp.)

Although this genus is not monophyletic, the type species as well as the majority of remaining species are related to Plagiognathus-Europiella-Phaeochiton spp. They share several common traits in the structure of endosoma, e.g., characteristic curvature, several closely spaced ridges on the lateral strap, one strap terminating before the secondary gonopore, the apex deeply devided into two branches, and the secondary gonopore located on a membrane. All other characters also seem to be in agreement with the placement of Glaucopterum within Oncotylina. Also see comments on Phaeochiton.

*Hamatophylus Weirauch, 2006a (Nearctic, including Mexico; 1 sp.)

Hoplomachus Fieber, 1858 (Holarctic; 4 spp.)

This taxon, with one species in the Nearctic and three in the Palearctic, has erect bristlelike setae on the dorsum, a prognathous head, and claws with moderately elongate, free pulvilli, attributes that might suggest placement in the Cremnorrhina. Nonetheless, the male genitalia and pretarsus in Hoplomachus are very similar to what is seen in Tinicephalus and the habitus is similar to some Plagiognathus spp. The preponderance of the evidence argues for placement in the Oncotylina.

Insulaphylus Weirauch, 2006a (Nearctic: Channel Islands; 2 spp.)

See Discussion under Oncotylina.

Josifovius Konstantinov, 2008 (Nearctic: North Africa; 1 sp.)

We place this taxon in the Oncotylina based on comparisons made by Konstantinov (2008a). Nonetheless, the endosoma in Josifovius and Dasycapsus shows similarities with the Pseudosthenarus group of genera (see Schuh and Salas, 2011); the African distribution of all these taxa, even if amphiequatorial, might also suggest a possible relationship.

Kmentophylus Duwal, Yasunaga, and Lee, 2010 (Palearctic: Nepal; 1 sp.)

This taxon was related to Plagiognathus in its original description. We concur with this assessment, though suggest that it may show a closer relationship with Europiella based on the structure of the endosoma. We therefore place Kmentophylus in the Oncotylina.

Knightophylinia Schaffner, 1978 (Nearctic: Mexico; 1 sp.)

We place this taxon in the Oncotylina based on its similarity of appearance with some other New World members of the group and the structure of the endosoma.

Knightopiella Schuh, 2004 (Western Nearctic; 1 sp.)

The taxon was originally placed in Europiella by Knight (1968). It was placed in Megalopsallus in error by Kerzhner and Schuh (1995) and later Schuh (2004b) erected a new genus for the single included species because of the distinctive nature of the male genitalia. No character or combination of characters indicates a clear tribal/subtribal placement; our placement is therefore based largely on geographic association. We note that whereas Schuh (2004b) compared this taxon with Megalopsallus and Europiella, it is actually most easily confused with species of Nevadocoris on the basis of the pale coloration and sericeous vestiture, a comparison that Schuh (2008) failed to make.

Knightopsallus Schuh, 2006 (Southwest Nearctic; 1 sp.)

This taxon was placed in the Phymatopsallus group of genera by Schuh (2006a) and is therefore included in the Oncotylina (see Phymatopsallus).

Leucodellus Reuter, 1906 (Nearctic: Central Asia and China; 6 spp.)

This taxon was revised by Li and Liu (2007), who removed prior confusion concerning the generic diagnosis. We place Leucophylus in the Oncotylina based on the similarity of structure of the endosoma with genera such as Plagiognathus.

Lineatopsallus T. Henry, 1991 (Nearctic: Southwestern United States, Baja California; 2 spp.)

This genus was used by Henry (1991) as an outgroup for his revision of Keltonia and Pseudatomoscelis. The spotted dorsum in combination with the elongate phallus and the morphologically elaborate left paramere suggest that Lineatopsallus may actually be most closely related to the Phymatopsallus group of genera. We therefore place the taxon in the Oncotylina.

Litoxenus Reuter, 1885, (Eastern Palearctic; 1 sp.)

This taxon was last documented in the key by Kerzhner (1964) to the Heteroptera of the European USSR. The bugs are small, pale colored; the dorsum is covered with short, reclining black setae; the head is weakly exserted from the pronotum; the appendages are relatively short; and the basally broadened of claw is of the Macrotylus type and has a long free pulvillus. The endosoma as illustrated by Kerzhner (1964) is small, broadened basally, and with a single apical spine. Although the claw structure might suggest a relationship with the Cremnorrhina, we place Litoxenus in the Oncotylina because the preponderance of the evidence, including the overall body propotions, head structure, coloration, and pretarsal structure, suggests a relationship with Acrotelus. The endosoma in both genera is in the form of a simple, short C-shaped tube terminating with an oval secondary gonopore, Litoxenus differing from Acrotelus by its possession of a single apical blade.

Maculamiris Weirauch, 2006a (Nearctic; Channel Islands, Baja California; 2 spp.)

We place this taxon in the Oncotylina because of its similarity of appearance with other small red Phylinae from the southwestern United States. See also discussion under Oncotylina.

Megalocoleus Reuter, 1890 (Western Palearctic; 17 spp.)

In his revision of Megalocoleus, Matocq (2004; see also Matocq and Pluot-Sigwalt, 2012) commented on its close relationship with Amblytylus, Dasycapsus, and Tinicephalus. Although the relationship of Megalocoleus with the last two taxa may be valid, we argue for the placement of Ambytylus in the Cremnorrhina, based on the analyses of Menard et al. (2013).

Malacotes Reuter, 1878 (Western Palearctic; 5 spp.)

This taxon was last treated by Wagner (1975), who placed it in his Plagiognathus group. The structure of the endosoma with two apical blades and other attributes have led us to concur with Wagner’s judgment.

Marrubiocoris Wagner, 1970 (Palearctic: North Africa; 1 sp.)

This taxon was placed in the Plagiognathus group by Wagner (1975), a position that we maintain based on the structure of the endosoma.

Moiseevichia Schuh, 2006 (Ethiopian: South Africa; 2 spp.)

See comments under Stoebea below.

Nanopsallus Wagner, 1952 (Southwestern Palearctic; 1 sp.)

The male genitalia of Nanopsallus were illustrated by Wagner (1975). The single recognized species is known to feed on Cirsium (Asteraceae) in the eastern Mediterranean and Asia Minor. Although the general aspect of the taxon is very much like that of some Megalopsallus spp., male genitalic structure as well as characters of external morphology clearly relate the genus with Compsidolon sensu stricto, and the type species in particular. Also see comments under Compsidolon.

Neopsallus Schuh and Schwartz, 2004 (Western Nearctic; 1 sp.)

We place this taxon in the Oncotylina because of several features its shares with genera such as Oligotylus, including the dense covering of woolly setae on the dorsum. The endosoma is unique among western North American taxa; the pulvilli are adnate to and cover nearly the entire ventral surface of the claw.

*Occidentodema T. Henry, 1999 (Western Nearctic; 3 spp.)

See discussion under Americodema.

*Oligotylus Van Duzee, 1916 (Western Nearctic; 15 spp.)

See Schuh (2000a).

Omocoris Lindberg, 1930 (Palearctic; 3 spp.)

This taxon was recently revised by Konstaninov (2008a), who related it to Oncotylus and Eurycolpus. On that basis we place Omocoris in the Oncotylina. The alary sexual dimorphism in Omocoris is virtually unique within nonmimetic members of the Phylinae, the females being reminiscent of members of the Halticini, such as Dimorphocoris Reuter and Compositocoris Schwartz, Schuh, and Tatarnic. The green coloration, at least in O. euryophthalmus Carapezza, is also unusual in the Phylinae.

Oncotylidea Wagner, 1965 (Palearctic: Turkey; 1 sp.)

We place this taxon in the Oncotylina because of the similarity of structure of the endosoma with other members of the group such as Plagiognathus.

Oncotylus Fieber, 1858 (Holarctic; 20 spp.)

This taxon has been placed in the Phylini by all modern authors, with only Wagner (e.g., 1975) placing it in a distinct genus group. Because Oncotylus was not part of the sample of Menard et al. (2013) our arguments for its tribal/subtribal placement must be based on morphology alone. Nonetheless, Oncotylus shares attributes in common with many Plagiognathus species, including body form, frequently black-spotted tibiae, a single type of pubescence on the dorsum (always dark in Oncotylus; sometimes mixed with sericeous setae in Plagiognathus spp.), and feeding on annual plant species, although many Plagiognathus spp. are known to breed on perennials and woody plants. The single species of Oncotylus recorded from the western Nearctic, Oncotylus guttulatus Uhler, is in need of additional study to determine whether it is congeneric with the type, O. punctipes Reuter, from the Palearctic.

Opisthotaenia Reuter, 1901 (Palearctic; 3 spp.)

We place this taxon in the Oncotylina because of the similarity of appearance with species of Phyllopidea from the Nearctic, including similarity of structure of the endosoma, and its resemblance to Hoplomachus and Thermocoris (Seidenstücker, 1968) in the Palearctic. Phyllopidea spp. breed on Artemisia spp. (Asteraceae) whereas Opisthotaenia spp. breed on the Boraginaceae.

Oreocapsus Linnavuori, 1975 (Palearctic: North Africa, Yemen; 7 spp.)

Members of this taxon have an elongate endosoma with two short apical spines of a type frequently seen in the Oncotylina. We therefore place Oreocapsus in that subtribe.

Parachlorillus Wagner, 1963 (Palearctic: Mediterranean; 2 spp.)

We place this taxon in the Oncotylina based on its apparent relationship with Chlorillus and its possession of attributes relating it to the Plagiognathus group of genera.

*Parapsallus Wagner, 1952, revised status (Palearctic; 1 sp.)

*Parapsallus vitellinus (Scholtz, 1847), revised combination

This taxon has been placed in Plagiognathus by some authors (e.g., Schuh, 2001) because of the similarity of structure of the endosoma with two elongate, flattened apical blades, but the analyses of Menard et al. (2013) placed it in a distinct lineage within the Oncotylina.

Paredrocoris Reuter, 1878 (Palearctic: Southern Russia, Iran; 5 spp.)

Members of this taxon occur primarily in southern Russia. Those with known hosts feed on Euphorbia spp. The general appearance is that of some western North American Plagiognathus spp. and the structure of the male genitalia would appear to be concordant with that view. We therefore place Paredrocoris in the Oncotylina.

Phaeochiton Kerzhner, 1964 (Palearctic; 3 spp.)

We place this taxon in the Oncotylina because of the similarity of structure of the endosoma with that found in Plagiognathus and Europiella.

*Phallospinophylus Weirauch, 2006 (Western Nearctic; 1 sp.)

*Phyllopidea Knight, 1919 (Western Nearctic; 2 spp.)

*Phymatopsallus Knight (Western Nearctic, incl. northern Mexico; 5 spp.)

Of those genera that Schuh (2006a) treated as part of the Phymatopsallus group, Menard et al. (2013) were able to include sequence data for this taxon, which placed it in the Oncotylina.

Piceophylus Schwartz and Schuh, 1999 (Eastern Nearctic; 1 sp.)

We place this taxon in the Oncotylina based on the conifer-feeding habits and the similar type of sexual dimorphism seen in the Pinophylus. The structure of the endosoma does not offer an indication of a close relationship with other genera.

Pinophylus Schwartz and Schuh, 1999 (Nearctic; 3 spp.)

In their original description Schwartz and Schuh (1999) related this taxon to their new genus Coniferocoris, which Schwartz (2006) later treated as a junior synonym of Plesiodema Reuter. We treat Pinophylus as belonging to the Oncotylina on the basis of the similarity in male genitalic structure with that of Plesiodema and the overall arguments presented by Schwartz and Schuh (1999). See also arguments under Plesiodema (Oncotylina).

Placochilus Fieber, 1858 (Palearctic; 2 spp.)

The male genitalic structure in this taxon with the characteristic shape of the apical endosomal blades is typical of many genera placed in the Oncotylina. Other characters including vestiture and structure of the head and pretarsus argue for placement of Placochilus in the Oncotylina.

*Plagiognathus Fieber, 1858 (Holarctic; 121 spp.)

See Schuh (2001) for a detailed presentation on this taxon.

Plesiodema Reuter, 1875 (Holarctic; 7 spp.)

The analyses of Menard et al. (2013) placed Plesiodema in the Oncotylina in a clade with Psallovius. Even though the morphology of the endosoma as documented by Schwartz (2006) and Schwartz and Schuh (1999) implies a close relationship with Pseudophylus and Tuxedo (Leucophopterini: Tuxedoina), the combined analysis—including DNA sequence data—suggests that the structural similarity of the endosoma is the result of convergence. All Plesiodema spp. are restricted to the Holarctic and feed on conifers; the Tuxedoina also have a Holarctic distribution, but none of its members are known to feed on conifers.

Pleuroxonotus Reuter, 1903 (Palearctic: Mediterranean to Central Asia; 4 spp.)

Most authors (e.g., Linnavuori, 1971, 1988, Konstantinov, 2008a) have considered Pleuroxonotus and Pronototropis to be closely related; on the basis of morphology they can be placed in the Oncotylina. Linnavuori (1971) suggested that both might be related to Amblytylus because of the carinate lateral pronotal margin, an idea that does not receive support from the results of Menard et al. (2013).

Pronototropis Reuter, 1879 (Palearctic: Southern Russia; 1 sp.)

See comments under Pleuroxonotus.

Psallodema V. Putshkov, 1970 (Palearctic: Central Asia; 4 spp.)

We place this taxon in the Oncotylina because of its similarity to many species now placed in Compsidolon. The endosoma is robust, C-shaped, with a large subapical secondary gonopore and peculiar flattened apical blade.

Psallomorpha Duwal, Yasunaga, and Lee, 2010 (Palearctic: Nepal; 6 spp.)

This taxon has the general appearance of many Psallus spp. (Duwal et al., 2010), but the endosoma is elongate, slender, with an elongate apex in the form of a single spine, and the secondary gonopore is well removed from the apex. Based on the apparent relationship with at least some Compsidolon species (F. Konstantinov, personal commun.), we place Psallomorpha in the Oncotylina.

*Psallovius T. Henry (Nearctic; 5 spp.)

*Pygovepres Weirauch, 2006b (Western Nearctic; 1 sp.)

Quercophylus Weirauch, 2006b (Western Nearctic: California; 1 sp.)

See Discussion under Oncotylina.

Quernocoris Weirauch, 2006a (Western Nearctic: California; 1 sp.)

See Discussion under Oncotylina.

*Ranzovius Distant, 1893 (New World; 10 spp.)

This taxon is novel in the Miridae for its habit of living exclusively in spider webs, but based on the analyses of Menard et al. (2013) its relationships are with noncommensal taxa.

Rhinocapsus Uhler, 1890 (Eastern Nearctic; 2 spp.)

Examination of the male genitalia in this Ericaceae-feeding group suggests that it is closely related, if not synonymous, with Plagiognathus (M. Schwartz, personal commun.).

*Roburocoris Weirauch, 2009 (Nearctic: Southwest and Mexico; 4 spp.)

Rubellomiris Weirauch, 2006b (Nearctic: California; 3 spp.)

See Discussion under Oncotylina.

Rubeospineus Weirauch, 2006b (Nearctic: Oregon, California, Baja California; 3 spp.)

See Discussion under Oncotylina.

Sacculifer Kerzhner, 1959 (Palearctic: Central Asia, China; 2 spp.)

We place this taxon in the Oncotylina on the basis of the general appearance of Sacculifer spp. with Plesiodema. The endosoma in Sacculifer appears to be unique which may draw into question our placement of the taxon.

Salicopsallus Schuh, 2006 (Western Nearctic; 2 spp.)

This taxon was placed in the Phymatopsallus group of genera by Schuh (2006a) and we therefore include it in the Oncotylina.

Schaffneropsallus Schuh, 2006 (Nearctic: Southern Mexico; 1 sp.)

This taxon was placed in the Phymatopsallus group of genera by Schuh (2006a) and we therefore include it in the Oncotylina.

Sthenaropsidea Henry and Schuh, 2002 (Eastern Nearctic; 1 sp.)

We are placing this taxon in the Oncotylina because of the simple vestiture on the dorsum, the small pulvilli, and the similarity of endosomal structure with other members of the subtribe, such as Americodema.

Stenoparia Fieber, 1870, (Palearctic: Mediterranean to Iran; 1 sp.)

Seidenstücker (1962) compared Stenoparia with Conostethus and Pronototropis. Later, Wagner (1975) mentioned the similarity of endosomal structure in Stenoparia and Conostethus. Stenoparia appears to be most similar to Pronototropis in the head structure, body proportions, vestiture, coloration, shape of the claw, degree of pulvillar development, and form of the endosoma (F. Konstantinov, personal commun.). We therefore place Stenoparia in the Oncotylina.

Stictopsallus Schuh, 2006 (Western Nearctic; 1 sp.)

This taxon was placed in the Phymatopsallus group of genera by Schuh (2006a) and we therefore include it in the Oncotylina.

Stirophylus Eckerlein and Wagner, 1965 (Palearctic: Spain, North Africa; 4 spp.)

Linnavuori (1971) provided a lengthy discussion of this taxon, comparing it with Taeniophorus (Nasocorini) and Amblytylus (Cremnorrhini: Cremnorrhina). Stirophylus appears to be similar to the latter genus, although differing in the small pulvilli and peculiar serrate subapical lamella of the endosoma. Both genera feed exclusively on grasses. We suggest that the placement of Striophylus bears further investigation and treat its placement in the Oncotylina as provisional.

*Stoebea Schuh, 1974 (Ethiopian: South Africa; 3 spp.)

Schuh (1974) did not illustrate or comment on the structure of the right paramere in the three new species that he included in this genus, saying only that it was typical of the Phylini. Further examination indicates that in fact the right paramere is greatly elongate and covers most of the phallotheca in repose, a situation similar to that seen in the more recently described Moiseevichia Schuh from South Africa. These two genera share not only the form of the right paramere, but also the type of brachyptery in the females, the presence of sericeous setae, the pattern of coloration and spotting on the dorsum, and the feeding by all known species on members of the Asteraceae, although in Moiseevichia they are not restricted to a single genus as current data suggest is the case for Stoebea spp. Stoebea differs from Moiseevichia in having a single apical spine on the endosoma (Schuh, 1974 : figs. 280, 283, 285), whereas Moiseevichia spp. have two apical spines (Schuh, 2006b: fig. 14; Schuh, 2009: fig. 5). We place Stoebea and Moiseevichia in the Oncotylina on the basis of the total-evidence analysis of Menard et al. (2013).

Tapirula Carapezza, 1997 (Palearctic: Tunisia; 1 sp.)

Based on the habitus and endosomal illustrations provided by Carapezza (1997) we believe this taxon may be closely related to Sacculifer. We therefore place it in the Oncotylina, because we have placed Sacculifer there.

Thermocoris Puton, 1875 (Palearctic: Asia Minor, North Africa; 3 spp.)

We place this Palearctic taxon in the Oncotylina because of its similarity to Oncotylus and other taxa we place in the subtribe.

Tinicephalus Fieber, 1858 (Palearctic; 14 spp.)

See comments under Megalocoleus.

Tragiscocoris Fieber, 1861 (Palearctic: Mediterranean; 2 spp.)

We place this taxon in the Oncotylina because of the similarity of endosomal structure to that seen in Asciodema, including the general shape and the flattened, broadly rounded apical blade of the endosoma.

Vanduzeephylus Schuh and Schwartz, 2004 (Western Nearctic; 1 sp.)

The endosoma of this taxon is similar in structure to that of some Plagiognathus spp.; the body form is also reminiscent of Plagiognathus. We therefore include this nominal genus in the Oncotylina.

Vesperocoris Weirauch, 2006a (Western Nearctic: California; 1 sp.)

See Discussion under Oncotylina.

Viscacoris Weirauch, 2009 (Southwest Nearctic, Mexico; 4 spp.)

We place this Nearctic taxon in the Oncotylina because of its similarity of structure and appearance with other Nearctic taxa such as Pygovepres and Roburocoris, which were placed in the classification based on sequence data and morphology. See also Discussion under Oncotylina.

Zophocnemis Kerzhner, 1962 (Palearctic: Central Asia; 1 sp.)

This taxon has been associated with Plagiognathus by most authors (e.g., Kerzhner, 1964). The structure of the male genitalia is reminiscent of Plagiognathus, but sufficiently different that Schuh (2001) chose to treat Zophocnemis as a distinct genus.

Tribe SEMIINI Knight, 1923 (type genus: Semium Knight, 1976)

Diagnosis: Characters uniting this tribe in Menard et al. (2013) include eyes that are parallel to the anterior margin of the pronotum, the relatively small scent gland, and the highly sclerotized ventral sack in females. Additionally, male genitalic characters observed to be consistent with this group are the possession of either a relatively simple, elongate, tubular endosoma with or without a well-developed secondary gonopore, or the endosoma may be relatively broad, flat, and T-shaped with a medial, well-developed, secondary gonopore and lateral straps.

Discussion: This higher taxon was originally proposed to contain only the genus Semium Reuter; it was placed in the Orthotylinae by Knight (1923) at the time of its description, as was the type genus by Carvalho (1952, 1958). Our conception of the tribe is much broader than that of Knight (1923), includes two subtribes, and for the first time associates the morphologically unusual Semium with a discrete assemblage of other phyline genera rather than placing it in the omnibus Phylini as done by Schuh (1974, 1995).

Exocarpocorina, new subtribe (type genus: Exocarpocoris Weirauch, 2007)

Diagnosis: Members of this subtribe share the unique asymmetrical sclerites of the female vestibulum, the morphological elaborations of the posterior wall of the female genitalia, and the horizontally expanded central portion of the left paramere.

Discussion: The analyses of Menard et al. (2013) assigned five Australian genera to this higher taxon. Three of those—Ancoraphylus, Exocarpocoris, and Polyozus—were treated by Weirauch (2007) as closely related on the basis of the distinctive morphology of the male and female genitalia. Wallabicoris, has very different male genitalic morphology, but shares similarities of the female genitalic morphology (Weirauch and Schuh, 2011) and DNA sequence data (Menard et al., 2013). The fifth genus sequenced by Menard et al. (2013) belongs to the Melaleucoides group (Schuh and Weirauch, 2010), an assemblage with endosomal morphology with many similarities to what is seen in Exocarpocoris and its relatives. The analysis of Weirauch and Schuh (2011) used morphology only for a taxon set differing from that of Menard et al. (2013). We have concluded that the latter analysis is a more accurate representation of relationships because of the large amount of sequence data it contains, and we therefore treat Xiphoides and Xiphoidellus as more closely related to Wallabicoris + Araucanophylus than to taxa from South Africa as proposed by Weirauch and Schuh (2011).

This is the only grouping within the Phylinae with a transantarctic distribution. Its diversity is greatest in Australia and New Zealand, with the Australian taxa showing much greater morphological diversity than the New Zealand taxa. The South American taxa placed in Exocarpocorina are limited in number and are restricted in distribution to Chile and adjacent Argentina. Whereas described diversity in the Leucophoropterini (Menard and Schuh, 2011) and Pilophorini (Schuh and Menard, 2011) in Australia can be judged to be representative of the actual diversity of the fauna, many genera remain to be described from the continent and their tribal assignments remain to be determined. Campylomma Reuter (Nasocorini) is widely distributed in the Old World, including Australia, and unlike taxa here placed in the Exocarpocorina and those that remain to be described, it is virtually novel in not being endemic to the continent. See Hypseloecus Reuter, Pilophorini; Sejanus Distant, Leucophoropterina.

Ampimpacoris Weirauch and Schuh, 2011 (Neotropical: Northwestern Argentina; 1 sp.)

This taxon was treated as being closely related to Wallabicoris by Weirauch and Schuh (2011), and is therefore included in the Exocarpocorina. Ampimpacoris is distinctive within the subtribe in being ant mimetic and showing strong sexual dimorphism.

*Ancoraphylus Weirauch, 2007 (Australian: Australia; 4 spp.)

See comments under Polyozus.

Araucanophylus Carvalho, 1984 (Neotropical: Chile; 2 spp.)

This taxon was treated as closely related to Xiphoides Eyles and Schuh by Weirauch and Schuh (2011), and is therefore included in the Exocarpocorina.

Basileobius Eyles and Schuh, 2003 (Australian: New Zealand; 1 sp.)

This taxon is related to Xiphoides on the basis of male genitalic structure and therefore is included in the Exocarpocorina (see also comments under Xiphoidellus).

Chiloephylus Carvalho, 1984 (Neotropical: Chile; 1 sp.)

We place this taxon in the Exocarpocorina based on the endosoma forming a single coil as also seen in Araucanophylus and its occurrence in southern Chile. Although this taxon was not discussed by Weirauch and Schuh (2011), we believe many of the arguments they made for the relationships of Auraucanophylus also apply to Chiloephylus.

Cyrtodiridius Eyles and Schuh, 2003 (Australian: New Zealand; 1 sp.)

This taxon is related to Xiphoides on the basis of male genitalic structure and therefore is included in the Exocarpocorina (see also comments under Xiphoidellus).

*Exocarpocoris Weirauch, 2007 (Australian: Australia; 3 spp.)

See comments under Polyozus.

Gonzalezinus Carvalho, 1981 (Neotropical: Central Chile; 2 spp.)

This genus shares many of the attributes found in Araucanophylus. We are therefore assigning it to the Exocarpocorina, on the basis of morphology and geography.

Halormus Eyles and Schuh, 2003 (Australian: New Zealand; 1 sp.)

This taxon is related to Xiphoides on the basis of male genitalic structure and is therefore included in the Exocarpocorina (see also comments under Xiphoidellus).

Harpagophylus Schuh and Weirauch, 2010 (Australian: Australia; 5 spp.)

See comments under Melaleucoides.

Jiwarli Soto and Weirauch, 2007 (Australian: Australia; 4 spp.)

On the basis of morphology Schuh and Weirauch (2010) treated this taxon as a member of the clade containing Melaleucoides and Polyozus. We therefore include Jiwarli in the Exocarpocorina.

Leptidolon Reuter, 1904, (Australian: Australia; 1 sp.)

This taxon has remained unstudied since its original description. The holotype is deposited in the Museum Victoria. Our initial examination of the specimen indicates that Leptidolon is a member of the Exocarpocorina.

Mecenopa Eyles and Schuh, 2003 (Australian: New Zealand; 1 sp.)

Related to Xiphoides on the basis of male genitalic structure and therefore included in the Exocarpocorina (see also comments under Xiphoidellus).

*Melaleucoides Schuh and Weirauch, 2010 (Australian: Australia; 18 spp.)

Along with Harpagophylus and Thryptomenomiris, the taxon was treated as related to Polyozus and Jiwarli Soto and Weirauch by Schuh and Weirauch (2010) on the basis of morphology, including the similarities in the endosoma seen in Melaleucoides and Polyozus. We therefore include this taxon in the Exocarpocorina. Melaleucoides, Harpagophylus, and Thryptomenomiris are novel among Australian taxa in having fleshy recurved parempodia of a type similar to that seen in Moissonia and some other taxa within the Phylinae.

Pimeleocoris Eyles and Schuh, 2003 (Australian: New Zealand; 3 spp.)

This taxon is related to Xiphoides on the basis of male genitalic structure and therefore is included in the Exocarpocorina (see also comments under Xiphoidellus).

*Polyozus Eyles and Schuh, 2003 (Australian: New Zealand; 9 spp.)

Along with Ancoraphylus and Exocarpocoris, this taxon was treated as a member of a monophyletic group by Weirauch (2007) on the basis of male and female genitalic morphology.

Thryptomenomiris Schuh and Weirauch, 2010 (Australian: Australia; 2 spp.)

See comments under Melaleucoides.

*Wallabicoris Schuh and Pedraza, 2010 (Australian: Australia; 37 spp.)

Xiphoidellus Weirauch and Schuh, 2011 (Australian: Australia; 6 spp.)

Xiphoidellus was related to Wallabicoris by Schuh and Pedraza (2010) on the basis of morphology and 16S mDNA sequence data. It was treated as related to Araucanophylus by Schuh and Weirauch (2010) on the basis of morphology. Because of the overlapping schemes of relationships in these papers, we treat Xiphoidellus as belonging to the Exocarpocorina.

Xiphoides Eyles and Schuh, 2003 (Australian: New Zealand; 6 spp.)

Xiphoides is related to Xiphoidellus and Araucanophylus on the basis of male genitalic structure and we therefore include it in the Exocarpocorina (see also comments under Xiphoidellus).

Subtribe Semiina Knight, 1923 (type genus: Semium Reuter, 1976)

Diagnosis: Genera in this subtribe are unique in having relatively derived forms of the male genitalia and relatively typical phyline external morphologies or an extremely simplified, tubular endosoma and relatively autapomorphic external morphology relative to other Phylinae, such as a reduced, slitlike scent gland and thickened, rodlike parempodia. Females have a relatively wide cuneus compared to other Phylinae (Menard et al., 2013), associated with reduced wings if forewings are present at all in females.

Discussion: This grouping is based on the analysis of Menard et al. (2013), which brought together a substantial amount of sequence data for members of a group of taxa that had for the most part been of problematic placement because of their varied facies and disparate distributions.

*Criocoris Fieber, 1858 (Holarctic; 13 spp.)

The endosoma in members of this Holarctic genus is structurally simple and not unlike that seen in Nicholia.

*Hoplomachidea Reuter, 1909 (Western Nearctic; 1 sp.)

We place this taxon in the Semiini, Semiina based on the analytic results of Menard et al. (2013). This taxon nonetheless shares some attributes with the Cremnorrhina, such as the expanded base of the claw with a somewhat enlarged free pulvillus extending from it, the strongly projecting frons and clypeus, the erect black setae on the dorsum, and the rather heavily sclerotized endosoma. We have concluded that even though the name and some morphological attributes suggest an affinity with Hoplomachus, these two taxa are not members of the same clade with the Phylinae.

*Karoocapsus Schuh, 1974 (Ethiopian: South Africa; 8 spp.)

Schuh (1974) placed this taxon in the Leucophoropterini and the basis of its simple endosoma and mimetic characteristics. The analysis of Menard et al. (2013), on the basis of DNA sequence data and morphology, consistently groups Karoocapsus with Tytthus, which Schuh (1974) also placed in the Leucophoropterini, but in the analysis of Menard et al. (2013) neither of those taxa group with Leucophoroptera, Sejanus, and other members of the Leucophoropterina.

Monocris V. Putshkov, 1974 (Palearctic: Iraq, Turkmenistan; 2 spp.)

This taxon was originally described from Turkmenistan and recorded as feeding on Salsola (Chenopodiaceae). Linnavuori (1988) described a second species from Iraq as also feeding on Chenopodiaceae. Monocris has the anterior margin of the pronotum somewhat less strongly and uniformly depressed than in Semium and Nicholia, but the scent-gland evaporatory area is slitlike as in both of those genera, a condition not seen elsewhere in the Phylinae. Also, the endosoma is simple, as is the case in both Nicholia and Semium. We therefore place Monocris in the Semiina.

Monospatha Eyles and Schuh, 2003

This monotypic New Zealand taxon was originally placed in the Phylini. We transfer it to the Semiina based on the similarity of structure of the endosoma to that seen in Pseudosthenarus, with an apical secondary gonopore and a free “arm” extending from the base of the endosoma.

Myrmicopsella Poppius, 1914, incertae sedis (Ethiopian: Madagascar, 1 sp.)

Schuh (1974) placed Myrmicopsella in the Leucophoropterini, indicating that this taxon known only from the holotype female was probably most closely related to Karoocapus. Myrmicopsella was subsequently placed in the Phylini incertae sedis by Menard and Schuh (2011). We transfer Myrmicopsella to the Semiini, Semiina on the assumption that it is indeed related to Karoocapsus, as the habitus suggests, but nonetheless treat that placement as incertae sedis.

Nicholia Knight, 1929 (Nearctic: American Southwest and Mexico; 2 spp.)

Lapazphylus Carvalho and Costa, 1992, new synonymy

We here place Nicholia Knight in the Semiina because of the very similar slitlike structure of the evaporatory area of the metathoracic scent gland to that seen in Semium and the apparent lack of any “mushroom bodies” to serve as an evaporatorium. The anterior margin of the pronotum in Nicholia is not nearly as broad and flat as that in Semium, but is nonetheless weakly expanded.

Lapazphylus was placed in the Hallodapini by its authors (Carvalho and Costa, 1992) because of their perception that it possessed a pronotal collar. Our comparison of the illustrations of Lapazphylus lapazensis Carvalho and Costa, provided as part of the original description, and of genitalic and other morphology of a congener from Durango, Mexico, with specimens of Nicholia eriogoni Knight indicates that Lapazphylus is synonymous with Nicholia new synonymy; Lapazphylus possesses the weak pronotal collar, the slitlike scent-gland opening, and the elongate, slender endosoma with a very small, slender, secondary gonopore.

*Parapseudosthenarus Schuh, 1974 (Ethiopian: South Africa; 3 spp.)

See comments under Pseudosthenarus.

*Pseudosthenarus Poppius, 1914 (Ethiopian: Namaqualand; 11 spp.)

Schuh (1974) placed this taxon and its sister group Parapseudosthenarus Schuh (Schuh and Salas, 2011) in the Phylini. The nondescript general morphology, and the novel structure of the endosoma and left paramere, gave no clear indication of more restricted affinities. The analyses of Menard et al. (2013) consistently group these two genera and also groups them with several other genera with distributions both inside and outside of South Africa.

Rakula Odhiambo, 1967 (Ethiopian: Gabon; 1 sp.)

Odhiambo (1967) compared Rakula with Psallus, Sthenarus, and Pseudosthenarus. Linnavuori (1993a) compared it with Atractotomus. We believe the most convincing argument for relationships of Rakula is with the Pseudosthenarus group of genera (see Schuh and Salas, 2011) because of the overall black coloration, the presence of shining setae on the dorsum, the short labium, and the form of the endosoma in the male, which based on illustrations from Odhiambo (1967) is short, flat, and has a large apical secondary gonopore. If our hypothesis is correct, then the inflated second antennal segment is simply autapomorphic in the Rakula.

*Semium Reuter, 1876 (Nearctic: Southwest United States and Mexico; 5 spp.)

Knight (1923) erected a new tribe to contain only Semium and placed it in the Orthotylinae (Orthotylini) on the basis of parempodial structure. Kelton (1959) moved Semium to the Phylinae: Phylini on the basis of male genitalic structure. The anterior pronotal margin is depressed and collarlike, the metathoracic scent gland is slitlike without an evaporatory area, and the endosoma is simple, similar to the situation seen in Nicholia and Monocris.

Thoth Linnavuori, 1993a, (Ethiopian: West Africa; 5 spp.)

This taxon was said to be related to Yotvata and Comsidolon by Linnavuori (1993a), who divided Thoth into three species groups based on the form of the endosoma and the left paramere. Considering the extreme variation seen in these structures we suggest that the group might not be monophyletic. We are also not convinced that the comparisons with Compsidolon and Yotvata are particularly useful in understanding the tribal placement of Thoth, because we have placed these two genera in different subtribes. The structure of the endosoma in T. mundane Linnavuori would appear to suggest a relationship with Darfuromma, whereas the tube-shaped endosoma with the apically placed secondary gonopore, modified left paramere, coloration, and vestiture of the type species, T. punctipes Linnavuori, may indicate relation to Pseudosthenarus. On this basis, we place Thoth in the Semiina.

*Tytthus Fieber, 1864 (Cosmopolitan; 24 spp.)

See comments under Karoocapsus. The revision of Henry (2012) presented up-to-date information on the taxonomy and biology of this taxon, including the description of several new species.

Tribe PILOPHORINI Douglas and Scott, 1876 (type genus: Pilophorus Hahn, 1826)

Diagnosis: Parempodia recurved, either capitate or distinctly fleshy; vestiture with usually at least some elongate-lanceolate setae, these frequently dense and sometimes grouped into distinct patches, and the posterior margin of the vertex upturned (Menard et al., 2013).

Discussion: This taxon was the subject of a morphology-based phylogenetic analysis by Schuh (1991). The concept of Pilophorini, as presented here, is broadened beyond that of Schuh (1974, 1991) to include Lasiolabops Poppius and Dilatops Weirauch. This concept is supported by the total-evidence analysis of Menard et al. (2013). See also discussion of Lalyocoris Linnavuori (Phylini, Phylina).

Alepidiella Poppius, 1914 (Eastern Nearctic; 1 sp.)

Aloea Linnavuori, 1975 (Ethiopian/Arabian Peninsula; 8 spp.)

Dilatops Weirauch, 2006c, (Australia, New Caledonia; 2 spp.)

We are placing Dilatops in the Lasiolabopina in recognition of its similarities with Lasiolabops listed by Weirauch (2006c), including the apparent association of both groups with the genus Ficus (Moraceae).

Druthmarus Distant, 1909 (Oriental; 4 spp.)

Ethatractus Linnavuori, 1975 (Ethiopian; 3 spp.)

Hypseloecus Reuter, 1891 (Paleotropical/Australian; 24 spp.)

Lasiolabops Poppius, 1914 (Paleotropical; 4 spp.)

This taxon was placed in the Leucophoropterini by Schuh (1984) and Weirauch (2006). The analysis of Menard et al. (2013) placed it as a member of the Pilophorini. The form of the flattened lanceolate setae corroborates this placement, although the sculpture of the setae differs from that seen in all other Pilophorini, as does the form of the parempodia and the endosoma.

Neoambonea Schuh, 1974 (Ethiopian; 7 spp.)

Parambonea Schuh, 1974 (Ethiopian: South Africa; 1 sp.)

Parasthenaridea Miller, 1937 (Oriental: Malaya; 1 sp.)

Pherolepis Kulik, 1968 (Eastern Palearctic; 7 spp.)

Pilophorus Hahn, 1826 (Holarctic/Oriental; 106 spp.)

Pseudambonea Schuh, 1974 (Ethiopian: South Africa; 1 sp.)

Randallophorus Henry, 2013 (Neotropical: Paraguay; 1 sp.)

This taxon appears to be closely related to Sthenaridea based on general appearance and the structure of the endosoma.

Spinolosus Zou, 1985 (Oriental: Southern China; 1 sp.)

Sthenaridea Reuter, 1885 (Circumtropical; 21 spp.)

Tribe LEUCOPHOROPTERINI Schuh, 1974 (type genus: Leucophoropera Poppius, 1921)

Diagnosis: Diagnosed by the second antennal segment being significantly thicker than antennal segments 3 and 4, the relatively wide vertex in females, the presence of ridges on the dorsal surface of the phallotheca, the vestibulum of the female genitalia lying flat against the rami and not projecting anteriorly, and the triangular shape of the vestibular plates.

Discussion: Arguments for the monophyly of the broadened concept of Leucophoropterini as presented here come from the total-evidence POY analysis of Menard et al. (2013).

Tuxedoina, new subtribe (type genus: Tuxedo Schuh, 2001)

Diagnosis: Taxa in this lineage share morphological similarities in the endosoma, having a relatively simple, small, S shape, and with overlapping of the lateral straps at the apex, a weakly developed secondary gonopore, the left and right parameres being of nearly equivalent size, and the base of the ovipositor having a dorsal extension to the posterior wall in females.

Discussion: The total-evidence POY analysis of Menard et al. (2013) indicates that the similarity of appearance and coloration of members of the Tuxedoina and Leucophoropterina is not simply superficial but the result of a common progenitor.

Ephippiocoris Poppius, 1912 (Palearctic: Iran, Turkey, Turkestan; 1 sp.)

This taxon was most recently mentioned in the literature by Linnavuori (2010) when he recorded it from Iran as occurring on Populus. We have examined specimens originally from the collections of the Zoological Institute, St. Petersburg. They have attributes of coloration, sexual dimorphism, and male genitalic morphology found in Tuxedo, and we therefore place Ephippiocoris in the Tuxedoina.

*Pseudophylus Yasunaga, 1999, Palearctic: Japan, Eastern Russia; 1 sp.)

*Tuxedo Schuh, 2001 (Western Nearctic; 7 spp.)

Members of this taxon closely resemble species of Sejanus (Leucophoropterina) (Schuh, 1984, 2004a; Menard and Schuh, 2011), in size, coloration, and the rather simple structure of the endosoma.

Subtribe Leucophoropterina Schuh, 1974 (type genus: Leucophoroptera Poppius, 1921)

Diagnosis: The Leucophoropterina is united by the C-shaped phallotheca, the lack of sclerotization between the dorsal and ventral labiate plates, the presence of an anterior sclerite on the entrance of the vestibulum, and the extremely small size of the male genitalia relative to the size of the abdomen.

Discussion: Synapomorphies hypothesized for the Leucophoropterina sensu Schuh (1974) and reviewed in Menard and Schuh (2011) are those listed above as diagnostic and are present in the majority of the members of this subtribe. The possession of a relatively small endosoma and small pygophore relative to the size of the abdomen is not unique to members of the Leucophoropterina, but is also found in the Pilophorini, the sister group to the Leucophoropterini (Menard et al., 2013). Members of some genera in the Leucophoropterina (Ausejanus Menard, Aitkenia Carvalho and Gross) have an anterior sclerite on the surface of the vestibulum, which is not present in any other lineages of Phylinae thus far examined.

Abuyogocoris Schuh, 1984 (Oriental: New Guinea; 4 spp.)

Aitkenia Carvalho and Gross, 1982 (Australian: Australia; 2 spp.)

Arafuramiris Schuh, 1984 (Oriental: New Guinea; Northern Australia; 7 spp.)

Ausejanus Menard and Schuh, 2011 (Australian: Australia; 18 spp.)

Austrodapus Menard and Schuh, 2011 (Australian: Australia; 1 sp.)

Biromiris Schuh, 1984 (Oriental: New Guinea; Northern Australia; 6 spp.)

Blesingia Carvalho and Gross, 1982 (Oriental: New Guinea, Solomon Islands; Australian: Australia; 7 spp.)

Collessicoris Carvalho and Gross, 1982 (Australian: Australia; 1 sp.)

Ctypomiris Schuh, 1984 (Oriental: New Guinea, Solomon Islands; 3 spp.)

Gulacapsus Schuh, 1984 (Oriental: New Guinea; Australian: Australia; 4 spp.)

Johnstonsonius Menard and Schuh, 2011 (Oriental: New Guinea; 1 sp.)

Leucophoroptera Poppius, 1921 (Australian: Australia; 5 spp.)

Missanos Menard and Schuh, 2011 (Oriental: New Guinea; 1 sp.)

Neaitkenia Menard and Schuh, 2011 (Australian: Australia; 2 spp.)

Neoleucophoroptera Menard and Schuh, 2011 (Oriental: New Ireland, Solomon Islands; 2 spp.)

Papuamimus Schuh, 1984 (Oriental: New Guinea; 2 spp.)

Papuamiroides Menard and Schuh, 2011 (Oriental: New Guinea; 1 sp.)

Pseudohallodapocoris Schuh, 1984 (Oriental: New Guinea; 3 spp.)

Sejanus Distant, 1910 (Oriental/Australian; ~40 spp.)

Solomonomimus Schuh, 1984 (Oriental: Solomon Islands; 1 sp.)

Transleucophoroptera Menard and Schuh, 2011 (Oriental: Philippine Islands; 1 sp.)

Trichocephalocapsus Schuh, 1984 (Oriental: New Guinea; 2 spp.)

Waterhouseana Carvalho, 1973 (Oriental: New Guinea; 2 spp.)

ACKNOWLEGMENTS

We offer special thanks to Fedor Konstantinov for his many detailed comments and the original specimen observations he made on the exceptionally rich Palearctic fauna with its long taxonomic history in the preparation of his review of our manuscript; we have used some of his remarks verbatim and modified others for incorporation into our generic discussions. We also thank Thomas J. Henry, Michael D. Schwartz, and Tomohide Yasunaga for editorial and other comments on the manuscript. Without the assistance of these individuals we would have committed many more errors of fact and presented a less nuanced discussion of relationships. We thank Rauno Linnavuori and the late I.M. Kerzhner for the deposition of specimens of a broad range of Palearctic and African taxa in the collections of the American Museum of Natural History, which has helped us greatly to verify details of morphology that were not clear from examination of the literature alone. Much of the groundwork for this paper was laid with funding provided through NSF Planetary Biodiversity Inventories award DEB-0316495 to Randall T. Schuh and Gerasimos Cassis.

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[1] Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York 10024.

[2] Sam Noble Museum of Natural History, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73072-7029.