Browsing by Author "Wang, Xiaoming, 1957-"
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Item Amphicticeps and Amphicynodon (Arctoidea, Carnivora) from Hsanda Gol Formation, central Mongolia, and phylogeny of basal arctoids with comments on zoogeography. American Museum novitates ; no. 3483(New York, NY : American Museum of Natural History, 2005) Wang, Xiaoming, 1957-; McKenna, Malcolm C.; Dashzėvėg, Dėmbėrėliĭn.; Mongolian-American Museum Paleontological Project.; Mongolyn Shinzhlekh Ukhaany Akademi.; Central Asiatic Expeditions (1921-1930)Amphicticeps shackelfordi and Amphicynodon teilhardi are two small carnivorans from the early Oligocene Hsanda Gol Formation of central Mongolia, and as basal arctoids (infraorder Arctoidea) in Asia, feature unique combinations of morphologies that offer insights into early diversification and zoogeography of the arctoids. Lack of adequate study of Amphicticeps and incomplete knowledge about Amphicynodon, however, prevented them from being figured in the discussions of arctoid relationships. New associated dental and cranial materials collected during recent expeditions in the 1990s substantially enrich our knowledge of the two genera and their stratigraphic positions, and serve as an impetus for a study of their phylogenetic relationships in the broad perspective of basal Arctoidea. Hsanda Gol arctoids are represented by six small- to medium-sized species: Amphicticeps shackelfordi Matthew and Granger 1924, A. dorog, n.sp., A. makhchinus, n.sp., Amphicynodon teilhardi Matthew and Granger 1924,? Cephalogale sp., and Pyctis inamatus Babbitt, 1999. The three species of Amphicticeps apparently form an endemic clade confined to central Asia, whose zoogeographic origin is currently unknown. Amphicynodon has a much higher diversity in Europe than in Asia, and phylogenetically the Asian A. teilhardi seems to be nested within the European congeneric species, indicating an eastward dispersal for this group, linking the European "Grande Coupure" and the Asian "Mongolian Reconstruction" events. To avoid excessive homoplasies in crown groups, we attempted a phylogenetic reconstruction based mostly on stem arctoids. Twenty genera of primitive arctoids occupying basal positions of nearly all major clades are selected for the analysis. The resulting tree, based on 39 characters, approximates the initial divergence of the arctoids. The traditionally dichotomous Arctoidea, formed by sister clades Ursida and Mustelida, is recovered in our analysis. Mustelida is also largely dichotomous with mustelid-like forms on one side and procyonidlike forms on the other. Despite its rather hypercarnivorous dentition, Amphicticeps is found on the Ursida side of the arctoids, although support for such a topology is relatively weak. Amphicynodon is a stem taxon of the Ursida and is a sister to an ursid-pinniped clade.Item Basicranial anatomy and phylogeny of primitive canids and closely related miacids (Carnivora, Mammalia). American Museum novitates ; no. 3092(New York, N.Y. : American Museum of Natural History, 1994) Wang, Xiaoming, 1957-; Tedford, Richard H.Item Litho-, bio-, and magnetostratigraphy and paleoenvironment of Tunggur Formation (middle Miocene) in central Inner Mongolia, China. American Museum novitates ; no. 3411(New York, NY : American Museum of Natural History, 2003) Wang, Xiaoming, 1957-; Qiu, Zhuding.; Opdyke, Neil D.; Central Asiatic Expeditions (1921-1930)The Tunggur Formation is presently exposed along the edge of the Tunggur Tableland. Being mostly flat-lying and with a maximum thickness of less than 80 m (most sections are less than 40 m thick), exposures along the northern, western, and southern edges of the platform all produce vertebrate fossils. The American Museum Wolf Camp Quarry and Platybelodon Quarry produced most of the early collections. To the east, the Tableland gradually blends into the landscape, and its distribution becomes less well delineated. At the extreme eastern end, the Tunggur Formation is probably overlain by the late Miocene Baogeda Ula Formation. The Tunggur Formation has its stratotype along a small exposure at Mandelin Chabu in the northwest edge of the Tableland. The Tunggur Formation in the Tableland is divided into two informal sedimentary units, the upper and lower beds. The stratotype section, Wolf Camp, and Platybelodon Quarry, along with most localities in the northern escarpment, belong to the upper beds, which are characterized by cross-bedded sandstones, variegated mudstones, and occasional marls. The entire southern Tairum Nor badland and lower part of the Aletexire section belong to the lower beds, which are characterized by more uniform red mudstones interrupted by a channel sandstone. The upper beds produce the Tunggur Fauna, which includes most of what is traditionally known as the Platybelodon Fauna. The lower beds contain a more recently named Tairum Nor Fauna, which has the latest occurrence of Tachyoryctoides and three musteloid carnivorans: Leptarctus neimenguensis, a new species of Sthenictis, and a new form possibly related to Aelurocyon, with all three being well represented in the North American Miocene. Paleomagnetic study of two key sections at Moergen small mammal locality and at Tairum Nor locality suggests a correlation in the magnetozones C5Ar.3r through part of C5r.3r, with an age range of 11.8-13 Ma. Systematic prospecting in known and previously unexplored areas has resulted in an expansion of the faunal representations in the region. By integrating the faunal data with magnetostratigraphy, we provide the first chronological tie point in the Chinese middle Miocene mammalian stratigraphy. Paleoenvironmental studies of the Tunggur Formation indicate a mosaic of grassland and mixed conifer-broadleaf woodland. Shallow channels were abundant, and floodplains had undergone different degrees of soil formation. Large mammal communities contain many low-crowned browsers and a few high-crowned grazers, but small mammals are dominated by grassland-adapted forms.Item Phylogenetic systematics of the Borophaginae (Carnivora, Canidae). Bulletin of the AMNH ; no. 243([New York] : American Museum of Natural History, 1999) Wang, Xiaoming, 1957-; Tedford, Richard H.; Taylor, Beryl E."The subfamily Borophaginae (Canidae, Carnivora, Mammalia) was erected by G.G. Simpson in 1945 to include seven genera of large, bone-crushing "dogs" in the late Tertiary of the northern continents. As a monophyletic group of canids, the Borophaginae is now known to be much more diverse than was originally envisioned but is confined within the middle to late Tertiary of North America. Fossil records of the borophagines are well represented and members of this prolific clade are often the most common predators in the late Tertiary deposits. Largely due to the Childs Frick Collection at the American Museum of Natural History, borophagines are represented by some of the best materials among fossil carnivorans in anatomical representation, sample size, and stratigraphic density. As a result of this explosive growth of new information, borophagine systematics is now in need of a complete rethinking at a level that could not have been attempted by previous studies. A detailed study of borophagine phylogenetic systematics is presented here, publishing for the first time the entire Frick Collection. A total of 66 species of borophagines, including 18 new species, ranging from Orellan through Blancan ages, are presently recognized. A phylogenetic analysis of these species is performed using cladistic methods, with Hesperocyoninae, an archaic group of canids, as an outgroup. At its base, the Borophaginae has a sister relationship with the subfamily Caninae, which includes all living canids and their most recent fossil relatives. The Borophaginae-Caninae clade is in turn derived from the subfamily Hesperocyoninae. Apart from some transitional forms, most of the Borophaginae can be organized in four major clades (all erected as new tribes or subtribes): Phlaocyonini, Cynarctina, Aelurodontina, and Borophagina. The Borophaginae begins with a group of small fox-sized genera, such as Archaeocyon, Oxetocyon, Otarocyon, and Rhizocyon, in the Orellan through early Arikareean. Relationships among these genera are difficult to resolve due to their primitiveness. Slightly more derived, but still near the base of the Borophaginae, is the Phlaocyonini, a hypocarnivorous clade of the Arikareean and Hemingfordian that includes Cynarctoides and Phlaocyon. These two genera represent divergent approaches toward hypocarnivory. Species of Cynarctoides trend toward selenodonty and remain small in size, whereas species of Phlaocyon specialize toward bunodont dentitions but of increasing size, with an unusual trend toward hypercarnivory by two terminal species in the clade. Four transitional taxa (species of Cormocyon and Desmocyon) occupy intermediate positions between the Phlaocyonini and Cynarctina, and represent a gradual size increase toward medium-size individuals. The subtribe Cynarctina, the second hypocarnivorous clade, includes Paracynarctus and Cynarctus in the Hemingfordian through Clarendonian, and represents a larger size group than the Phlaocyonini, although there is a tendency toward size reduction among advanced species of Cynarctus. The cynarctines feature the most bunodont dentition known among canids. The next series of transitional taxa (Metatomarctus, Euoplocyon, Psalidocyon, Microtomarctus, Protomarctus, and Tephrocyon) are of medium size and occupy a pectinated sequence that contains a rather diverse set of dental morphology. These include the most hypercarnivorous borophagine Euoplocyon, the peculiarly trenchant Psalidocyon, and the dwarf lineage Microtomarctus. The next clade, Aelurodontina, is the first major hypercarnivorous group and is represented by Tomarctus and Aelurodon in the Barstovian and Clarendonian. The aelurodontines evolve around a more consistent theme of increasingly more hypercarnivorous dentitions with strong premolars, forming a rather linear series from Tomarctus to various species of Aelurodon. The terminal clade Borophagina, sister to the Aelurodontina, begins with the mostly mesocarnivorous Paratomarctus and Carpocyon in the late Barstovian through late Hemphillian. The terminal species of Carpocyon, C. limosus, shows some hypocarnivorous adaptations. Protepicyon in the Barstovian initiates the hypercarnivorous trend in the terminal clade. Epicyon, the largest known canid, is the dominant predator in the Clarendonian and Hemphillian. Finally, an enlarged concept of Borophagus consists of a series of pectinated species terminated by B. diversidens in the late Blancan. Epicyon and Borophagus are the most highly evolved in their capacity to crush bones. Phylogenetic reconstruction was greatly aided by the high quality of fossil records and the large number of transitional forms. The latter ensures a morphological continuity that facilitates the identification of homoplasies that otherwise could easily be mistaken as synapomorphies. Confidence in the phylogeny is further enhanced by a high congruence between the cladistic rank and the stratigraphic sequence. The temporal and morphological continuity in many borophagine lineages also permits further postulation about their evolutionary processes, such as cladogenetic and anagenetic events. Our considerably enlarged concept of the Borophaginae indicates a much broader trophic diversity than has previously been envisioned. In addition to the commonly recognized hyenalike forms, members of the Borophaginae acquired a wider spectrum of morphologies that surpassed either the hesperocyonine or canine canids. The Borophaginae played broad ecological roles that are performed by at least three living carnivoran families, Canidae, Hyaenidae, and Procyonidae"--P. 9-10.Item Phylogenetic systematics of the Hesperocyoninae (Carnivora, Canidae). Bulletin of the AMNH ; no. 221([New York] : American Museum of Natural History, 1994) Wang, Xiaoming, 1957-"The subfamily Hesperocyoninae includes the oldest and most primitive members of the Canidae. It has a geological range from late Eocene (Duchesnean) to middle Miocene (early Barstovian), lasting more than 20 million years. Representatives of the Hesperocyoninae are known only in North America. Initial diversification of the Hesperocyoninae began in the Orellan, and by the Whitneyan, all of its main lineages were in place. It achieved a maximum diversity of 14 species in the early Arikareean. The present study describes the extraordinary fossil canids from the Frick Collection. It contains many new taxa that provide new insight into the phylogeny of the hesperocyonines, and also more complete materials of known forms that allow better assessments of morphological variations. Besides the basal canid Prohesperocyon, a total of 10 genera and 26 species of hesperocyonines are recognized; among these, 4 genera and 8 species are new. A phylogenetic analysis is performed using cladistic methodology, with Miacis as an outgroup. Four major lineages can be defined on the basis of shared derived characters: the Mesocyon-Enhydrocyon clade, the Osbornodon clade, the Paraenhydrocyon clade, and the Ectopocynus clade. The latter three clades are newly recognized, although some of their included species had previously been referred to various other taxa. In addition, a monotypic Caedocyon probably forms a distinct clade of its own. Hesperocyon occupies the central position of possibly being ancestral to many of the lineages. Its lack of shared derived characters, however, precludes it from being closely linked to any particular derived clade, although there is evidence that the Paraenhydrocyon clade may be directly descendant from H. gregarius. A new, large-sized Hesperocyon ('H.' coloradensis) provides an important link between H. gregarius and the Mesocyon-Enhydrocyon clade. The Mesocyon-Enhydrocyon clade is the most diverse lineage of hesperocyonines and includes 10 species. Mesocyon and Cynodesmus, two medium-sized genera with numerous species previously referred to, are now restricted to include two species each. Sunkahetanka and Philotrox represent two transitional taxa leading to the hypercarnivorous Enhydrocyon. Trends within this lineage include elongation of the posterior portion of the skull so that the rostrum appears to be short, enlargement of carnassials, and increasingly robust premolars. Materials of a large species from mostly the Frick Collection lead to the recognition of a new genus and species Osbornodon fricki. Four additional species are referred to the genus, three of them having been previously described (O. sesnoni, O. iamonensis, and O. brachypus) and one new species (O. renjiei) being the most primitive of the genus. Osbornodon is the only genus of the Hesperocyoninae that developed a basined talonid in the lower molars and long upper molars, features paralleling those of the Borophaginae and Caninae. In addition, Osbornodon has an elongated rostrum and an extensive frontal sinus (in derived species), a combination of characteristics also seen in the Caninae. A sister-group relationship between the Osbornodon clade and the Mesocyon-Enhydrocyon clade is suggested by their common possession of a ventrally directed paroccipital process. The three species presently referred to Paraenhydrocyon (a new genus) were previously included in Mesocyon, and now form a clade of their own. In addition to its retention of several primitive cranial characters, Paraenhydrocyon, with its unique slender, sharp-tipped premolars, clearly contrasts with the robust premolars of the Mesocyon-Enhydrocyon clade. Paraenhydrocyon does, however, parallel the Mesocyon-Enhydrocyon clade in having a reduced metaconid of the lower molars. Represented by a single partial cranium, Caedocyon is a highly apomorphic form, with enlarged, caniniform upper third incisors, shortened upper premolars, and reduced upper molars. Its phylogenetic position is not clear, although its simple, high premolars and the precision of its occlusion suggest affinity with Paraenhydrocyon. Ectopocynus (new genus with three species, all from the Frick Collection) is mainly characterized by its simple, robust, and blunt premolars, and approaches many of the characteristics of Enhydrocyon, such as massive premolars and reduced or lost metaconid on lower molars. Materials of Ectopocynus are limited to mandibles and teeth only. Its unknown cranial anatomy does not permit a firm answer about its phylogenetic affinity, although a primitive member of this lineage (Ec. antiquus) suggests affinity with the Hesperocyon-like forms of the Whitneyan. Hesperocyoninae, as presently defined, is likely a paraphyletic taxon. The subfamily may be characterized by possession of a trenchant talonid of lower first molars, in contrast to basined talonids in the Borophaginae and Caninae. The trenchant talonid, however, is clearly primitive for the Hesperocyoninae (and also for the family Canidae), and no synapomorphy is found to support a monophyletic Hesperocyoninae. The paraphyly of the Hesperocyoninae is also sugested by its primitive genus Hesperocyon, which is probably ancestral to both borophagines and canines. Evolutionary trends in hesperocyonines include repeated tendencies toward hypercarnivory, involving large body size, strong cranial construction, robust premolars, and increasing length of carnassials. Such tendencies can be observed in nearly all of the clades, although each has a different combination of these tendencies and achieves different degrees of hypercarnivory. Truly hypocarnivorous taxa, on the other hand, did not develop as in Borophaginae and Caninae"--P. 6-7.Item Phylogenetic systematics of the North American fossil Caninae (Carnivora, Canidae). (Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, no. 325)([New York] : American Museum of Natural History., 2009) Tedford, Richard H.; Wang, Xiaoming, 1957-; Taylor, Beryl E.The canid subfamily Caninae includes all the living canids and their most recent fossil relatives. Their sister taxon is the Borophaginae with which they share an important modification of the lower carnassial, namely the presence of a bicuspid talonid, which gives this tooth an additional function in mastication. Contributing to this function is the enlargement of the posterolingual cingulum of M1 and development of a hypocone. The Caninae diverged from the Borophaginae in the narrowing and elongation of the premolars separated by diastemata and placed in a shallow ramus and narrow muzzle. These latter features allow the Caninae to be recognized in the fossil record as early as the beginning of the Oligocene (34 Ma) and constitute evidence that they represent a monophyletic group. In striking contrast to the history of the Borophaginae, the Caninae remain confined to a closely similar group of fox-sized species (Leptocyon spp.) throughout the Oligocene and showing very limited cladogenesis into the end of the medial Miocene (12 Ma), a span that saw marked adaptive divergence in the Borophaginae and the origin of all its major clades. By 12 Ma (beginning of the Clarendonian Land Mammal age) few fox-sized borophagines remained and most of those held hypocarnivorus adaptations. At that point the Vulpini appear both as mesocarnivores (Vulpes spp.) and hypocarnivores (Metalopex spp.) reproducing, on a much smaller scale, the range of adaptations shown in the initial radiation of the Borophaginae. By the end of the Clarendonian (9 Ma) the first members of the tribe Canini appear. Initially this group was represented by the genus Eucyon, largely by a single widespread North American species E. davisi. Our cladistic analysis predicts that the roots of the South American clade subtribe Cerdocyonina, sister taxon to E. davisi and Canis species (together, subtribe Canina), must also have been present, but taxa representing this group do not appear in the North America record until the earliest Pliocene (latest Hemphillian, 5 Ma). Species of three genera (Cerdocyon, Chrysocyon, and possibly Theriodictis), now confined to South America, appear in the fossil record of the southern United States and northern Mexico prior to and just after the opening of the Panamanian Isthmus (ca. 3 Ma), indicating that important cladogenesis within the South American clade took place in North America. Species of Eucyon make their appearance in the Old World in the late Miocene, and E. davisi has a Pliocene record in Asia. Species of this genus undergo a modest adaptive radiation in Eurasia during the Pliocene. In the late Miocene and early Pliocene two species of Canis appear in North America (C. ferox and C. lepophagus), representing the initial cladogenesis within the genus. These animals are all coyote-sized and represent a broadening of body size range within a mesocarnivorous dental adaptation. Toward the end of the Pliocene and into the Pleistocene in North America a curious and rare group of jackal-like species (C. tho¨oides, C. feneus, and C. cedazoensis) seem to form an endemic clade arising near C. lepophagus. These taxa are dentally similar to jackals, especially C. aureus, but share no synapomorphies with them. The early cladogenesis of Canis in the Pliocene of North America produced a somewhat larger form, C. edwardii, that appears in the late Blancan at ca. 3 Ma. It also seems to have a sister relationship with C. lepophagus and with the coyote C. latrans, which appears much later in the record (late Irvingtonian) and quickly becomes distributed across the United States. The golden jackal (C. aureus) shares synapomorphies with the coyote and C. edwardii but does not appear in the fossil record until the early Pleistocene of North Africa. Canis edwardii is extinct by the end of the Irvingtonian. Large wolflike species of Canis seem to be the products of evolution in Eurasia. They appear early in the North American record as immigrants of the crown group of Canis that augment the essentially stem group native species of the New World. The first of these is Canis armbrusteri, which appears early in the Irvingtonian, initially in the Southwest but later in the eastern United States where it survived into the early Rancholabrean of Florida. This is a large wolf, a sister taxon of C. lupus, whose appearance early in the Pleistocene predates the earliest midcontinent occurrence of C. lupus by nearly 1 m.y. In the New World C. armbrusteri gave rise to the native dire-wolf (C. dirus), as evidenced by intergrading morphologies of late Irvingtonian examples that show the transformation to the more hypercarnivorous giant form. The earliest evidence of C. dirus is in the midcontinent and it appears to have displaced C. armbrusteri into the eastern part of the continent while it expanded westward and particularly southward into South America during the late Pleistocene. Canis lupus itself does not appear in midlatitude North America until the late Rancholabrean (0.1 Ma, last glacial cycle), although it was a resident of Arctic North America since the mid-Pleistocene (ca. 0.8 Ma). North America has a limited record of canine diversity during the Pleistocene. Most clades of vulpines and canines that reached the Old World during that span underwent significant cladogenesis so that the canid fauna of Eurasia was always more diverse than that of the New World. From time to time waifs from the Old World centers of origin wandered south into midcontinent North America to briefly enrich the fossil record: Xenocyon spp. in the late Irvingtonian; Cuon alpinus and Canis lupus in the late Rancholabrean, along with the living fox species Vulpes vulpes (late Rancholabrean) and perhaps the swift-fox earlier in the Pleistocene. The center of evolution of the Caninae thus shifted to Eurasia and to South America when avenues of dispersal to those continents were available at the end of the Cenozoic. Because of the diversity of Old World forms that became resident in North America, our analysis of the New World fauna has been expanded to include relevant Old World taxa and to present a broader phylogenetic reconstruction than could be offered only on the basis of strictly New World evidence. This expanded view brings in a greater diversity of morphology, which allows us to better separate homoplasy from true homology. We have considered only Old World taxa that are represented by the most complete material so that missing data are kept to a minimum in our analysis. This still affords sufficient taxa so that the major structure of the phylogeny of Canis can be discerned. Our cladistic analysis found two robustly recognized crown clades within Canis: the mesocarnivorous lupus clade, and the hypercarnivorous Xenocyon clade. The first contains the wolf, C. lupus, and its sister taxon C. armbrusteri + C. dirus, with the latter showing some dental features related to hypercarnivory as an autapomorphy. The Chinese late Pliocene wolf C. chihliensis appears to be a stem group in the Lupus clade and may be closely allied to C. armbrusteri. The Xenocyon clade is also Eurasian in origin and is marked by character reversals to states primitive within Canis. Its earliest record is in the medial Pliocene of eastern Asia (Xenocyon dubius), after which it dispersed to western Eurasia in the early Pleistocene (X. lycaonoides). In the Pleistocene Xenocyon achieved a Holarctic distribution including midlatitide North America (X. texanus and X. lycaonoides). During this episode of expansion the sister taxa Cuon and Lycaon arose in Eurasia and Africa, respectively, most likely from isolated Xenocyon populations. In the latest Pleistocene Cuon alpinus expanded its range into the middle latitudes of the New World. A number of Pliocene and Pleistocene wolf and coyote-sized Eurasian Canis species (C. arnensis, C. etruscus, C. palmidens, C. mosbachensis, and C. variabilis) were included in our cladistic analysis, but the relationships of those forms were difficult to resolve beyond their paraphyletic relationship to the crown clade.Item Phylogeny of the Caninae (Carnivora, Canidae) : the living taxa. American Museum novitates ; no. 3146(New York, N.Y. : American Museum of Natural History, 1995) Tedford, Richard H.; Taylor, Beryl E.; Wang, Xiaoming, 1957-"Fifty-seven characters of the skull, mandible, dentition, and postcranium distributed among 122 character states obtained from specimens representing 15 living genera of the canid subfamily Caninae (67% of which are monotypic) were subjected to cladistic analysis assisted by a maximum-parsimony computer program (HENNIG86). The program found a single tree, 90 steps in length with a consistency index of 65 and retention index of 78. The reconstruction delineates two sister taxa: the foxlike tribe Vulpini, and the wolflike and South American taxa, tribe Canini. This division is also supported by karyological and biomolecular studies although the composition of each group varies with the evidence used. The osteological evidence leads to a more fully resolved relationship than presently available from other systems. Problem taxa include the foxes Urocyon and Otocyon, considered sister taxa, and members of the Vulpini clade osteologically, but either as members of the Canini clade (with Fennecus) on chromosome morphology or in a basal unresolved multichotomy with other canines on allozyme evidence. More contentious is the position of the Asian raccoon-dog Nyctereutes, placed as a sister taxon of the South American crab-eating 'fox' Cerdocyon in our analysis but allied with Vulpes on karyological evidence or a part of the basal canine multichotomy with regard to the allozyme results. The South American bush-dog Speothos, a hypercarnivore, is placed on osteological grounds in a clade with the rest of the South American genera in agreement with chromosome evidence although allozymes relate it to the Canis group. Despite these individual cases there is reasonable concordance in the conclusions drawn from the three lines of phyletic inference. Previous neontological and paleontological studies of canines have not clarified relationships within this group"--P. [1].Item Transformation from plantigrady to digitigrady : functional morphology of locomotion in Hesperocyon (Canidae, Carnivora). American Museum novitates ; no. 3069(New York, N.Y. : American Museum of Natural History, 1993) Wang, Xiaoming, 1957-Item Vertebrate fossils and their context : contributions in honor of Richard H. Tedford. Bulletin of the AMNH ; no. 279(New York, NY : American Museum of Natural History, 2003) Flynn, Lawrence J. (Lawrence John), 1932-; Tedford, Richard H.; Novacek, Michael J.; Woodburne, Michael O.; Hunt, Robert M., Jr., 1941-; Gould, Gina C.; Gaffney, Eugene S.; Qiu, Zhanxiang.; Demere, Thomas A.; Berta, Annalisa.; Adam, Peter J.; Wang, Banyue.; Baskin, Jon A.; Van Valkenburgh, Blaire.; Sacco, Tyson.; Wang, Xiaoming, 1957-; Stevens, Margaret Skeels.; Stevens, James Bowie.; Lindsay, Everett H.; Whistler, David P.; Lander, E. Bruce.; Morgan, Gary S.; Lucas, Spencer G.; Ferrusquia-Villafranca, Ismael.; Webb, S. David (Sawney David), 1936-; Beatty, Brian Lee.; Poinar, George.; MacFadden, Bruce J.; Repenning, Charles A.; Turnbull, William D.; Lundelius, Ernest L.; Archer, Michael, 1945-; Pledge, Neville S.; Rich, Thomas H. V.; Darragh, Thomas A.; Rich, Pat Vickers.; Ye, Jie.; Meng, Jin (Paleontologist); Wu, Wenyu.; Qiu, Zhuding.; Li, Chuan-Kuei.; Winkler, Alisa J.; Downs, Will.; Holec, Peter.; Emry, Robert J.; McKenna, Malcolm C.; Lofgren, Donald L.; Tong, Haiyan.