Browsing by Author "Freed, Ruth S."
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Item Enculturation and education in Shanti Nagar. Anthropological papers of the AMNH ; v. 57, pt. 2.(New York : American Museum of Natural History, 1981) Freed, Ruth S.; Freed, Stanley A.Item Family background and occupational goals of school children of the Union Territory of Delhi, India. American Museum novitates ; no. 2348.(New York, N.Y. : American Museum of Natural History, 1968) Freed, Ruth S.; Freed, Stanley A.Item Fertility, sterilization, and population growth in Shanti Nagar, India : a longitudinal ethnographic approach. Anthropological papers of the AMNH ; v. 60, pt. 3(New York : American Museum of Natural History, 1985) Freed, Stanley A.; Freed, Ruth S.Item Ghosts : life and death in North India. Anthropological papers of the AMNH ; no. 72(New York : American Museum of Natural History ; Seattle, WA : Distributed by the University of Washington Press, 1993) Freed, Ruth S.; Freed, Stanley A.This monograph is the ninth of a series devoted to the description and analysis of life in Shanti Nagar, a village in the Union Territory of Delhi. Our research is based on holistic fieldwork carried out in 1957-59 and 1977-1978. Previous monographs, all published in the Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, have dealt with social organization, economics, rites of passage, fertility and sterilization, elections, sickness and health, enculturation and education, and ghosts in the context of a woman's psychomedical case history. The present monograph places ghost illness, ghost possession, and poltergeist attacks in an historical, psychological, ecological, medical, ideological, and holistic ethnographic context. A descriptive and comparative case-study method is central to the analysis. Among the ghost-related topics that are covered are beliefs; causes; gender, age and caste distribution; sectarian differences (the Arya Samaj vs. Sanatan Dharma); and the recruitment, training, and methods of exorcists and curers.Item Green revolution : agricultural and social change in a north Indian village. Anthropological papers of the AMNH ; no. 85([New York] : American Museum of Natural History, 2002) Freed, Stanley A.; Freed, Ruth S."In the mid-1960s, rural India passed through a period of rapid technological and social change known as the Green Revolution. It was the transition from basically subsistence peasant farming at a low technological level to expensive commercial farming with modern technology. Five major sociotechnological innovations were basic to the Green Revolution: the development of high-yielding varieties of food grains, especially wheat and rice; land consolidation; private tubewell irrigation; mechanization; and the use of factory fertilizers and pesticides. New sources of energy, electricity and the internal combustion engine, which replaced bullock power, and the financial infrastructure that enabled farmers to buy the new equipment--tractors, tubewells, and threshers--represented a fundamental change. If the Green Revolution is taken in its broadest sense to include much higher educational levels and new employment opportunities in modern occupations, then the economy of Shanti Nagar, whose principal component is still agriculture, has been transformed. This work is the 11th in a series of monographs, all published in the Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, devoted to the description and analysis of life in Shanti Nagar (a pseudonym), a village in the Union Territory of Delhi. Our research is based on holistic fieldwork carried out in the village in 1957-1959 and 1977-1978, dates which make it possible to compare the village just before and after the Green Revolution. The most visible results of the Green Revolution were substantially increased production of the new high-yielding varieties of grain and increased prosperity for farmers, and indeed for almost all villagers. Because of the Green Revolution and associated developments in education and employment, the villagers of Shanti Nagar now lead a modern style of rural life supplemented by urban employment. These changes have also had the effect of enhancing equality, one of India's greatly desired social goals"--T.p. verso.Item Hindu festivals in a north Indian village. Anthropological papers of the AMNH ; no. 81([New York] : American Museum of Natural History ; Seattle, WA : Distributed by the University of Washington Press, 1998) Freed, Stanley A.; Freed, Ruth S.Item Mohave and Washo role behavior. American Museum novitates ; no. 2330(New York, N.Y. : American Museum of Natural History, 1968) Freed, Stanley A.; Freed, Ruth S.Item The psychomedical case history of a low-caste woman of north India. Anthropological papers of the AMNH ; v. 60, pt. 2(New York : American Museum of Natural History, 1985) Freed, Ruth S.; Freed, Stanley A.Item Rites of passage in Shanti Nagar. Anthropological papers of the AMNH ; v. 56, pt. 3(New York : American Museum of Natural History, 1980) Freed, Ruth S.; Freed, Stanley A.Item Shanti Nagar : the effects of urbanization in a village in north India. 1, Social organization. Anthropological papers of the AMNH ; v. 53, pt. 1(New York : American Museum of Natural History, 1976) Freed, Stanley A.; Freed, Ruth S."In the year 1958 to 1959, Shanti Nagar was a traditional Indian village in the initial stages of response to strong urban influences then emanating from Delhi, a city that was experiencing rapid modernization and westernization. The present report describes and analyzes the social organization of Shanti Nagar, emphasizing those changes that were apparently effects of urbanization. Because the village represented at the same time a traditional village and one in the initial stages of modernization, both aspects of village life are described. The village was not overwhelmed by urban influences. It was a well-integrated social unit whose people had the capacity to adopt selectively those innovations considered to be useful and to reject those perceived as disruptive even when the latter were buttressed by the force of law. Change was greater in some aspects of village life, such as economic relationships and education, than in others, such as religion and family life"--P. 11.Item Shanti Nagar : the effects of urbanization in a village in north India. 2, Aspects of economy, technology, and ecology. Anthropological papers of the AMNH ; v. 55, pt. 1(New York : American Museum of Natural History, 1978) Freed, Stanley A.; Freed, Ruth S.In the year 1958-1959, Shanti Nagar was a north Indian village characterized by a generally traditional economy and technology at the beginning of intensive modernization. Modern influences impinged upon its people in the form of legislation and governmental programs that were designed to change, even revolutionize, village life from economic, technological, and social viewpoints. The vocational, educational, and recreational opportunities afforded by Delhi, a city then experiencing rapid modernization and westernization, were influences equally as effective as the developmental programs promulgated by the Government of India. The village was not overwhelmed by either governmental or urban influences. A well-integrated social unit, its people possessed the capacity to adopt selectively those innovations they believed to be useful and to reject others they perceived as risky or dangerous. The conjunction of various traditional and modern influences in Shanti Nagar resulted in a predominantly agricultural economy but a significant proportion of income was derived from salaries in modern urban occupations. It was clear that considerable potential for further economic and technological change existed in two principal areas. The Green Revolution would, in all probability, change village agriculture and, temporarily at least, could result in a reduced concern to obtain income from urban employment, especially on the part of the large landowners. With the passage of time, however, the future economic well-being of the villagers probably will increasingly depend on training the young people for modern careers in government, business, and industry"--P. 7.Item Shanti Nagar : the effects of urbanization in a village in north India. 3, Sickness and health. Anthropological papers of the AMNH ; v. 55, pt. 5(New York : American Museum of Natural History, 1979) Freed, Ruth S.; Freed, Stanley A."Shanti Nagar during 1958 to 1959 was a village in the initial stages of response to modern urbanization, primarily emanating from Delhi, the capital city of India, which was experiencing rapid modernization and urbanization. One aspect of these changes was in the diverse patterns of health care which were practiced in the village. The changes, which were occurring with respect to health care, were slow and not always easy to detect, but some of the changes were with regard to a greater use of Ayurvedic medicine because of Arya Samaj influences, and others to a lesser degree with Western medicine. The health care system of Shanti Nagar comprised a composite use of curers and healing practices deriving from the Atharva-veda, Ayurvedic and Unani systems of medicine, and Western medicine. The present paper points out the concepts of sickness and health of the people of Shanti Nagar and how their system of belief regarding illness and healing was eclectic, often an article of faith, and at the same time pragmatic. It also provides indices of changes in health care"--P. 289.Item Studying role behavior cross-culturally : comparison of a matrilineal and a bilateral society. American Museum novitates ; no. 2437(New York, N.Y. : American Museum of Natural History, 1970) Freed, Stanley A.; Freed, Ruth S.Item Uncertain revolution : panchayati raj and democratic elections in a North Indian village. Anthropological papers of the AMNH ; v. 64, pt. 1(New York, N.Y. : American Museum of Natural History, 1987) Freed, Stanley A.; Freed, Ruth S.